Table 1.
Baseline balance of household and clinic characteristics
| AHME treatment | Control | Difference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Standard error | Mean | Standard error | t-test | |
| Panel A: individuals from household surveys | |||||
| Female | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| Age | 19.91 | 0.31 | 19.52 | 0.31 | 0.39 |
| Head of household is female | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Head of household age | 42.24 | 0.64 | 41.92 | 0.63 | 0.32 |
| Number of household members | 7.19 | 0.17 | 7.54 | 0.18 | −0.34 |
| Any insurance in household | 0.39 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
| Insured household members | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| Wealth quintile 1 (poorest) | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.03 | −0.06** |
| Wealth quintile 2 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.02 | −0.02 |
| Wealth quintile 3 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Wealth quintile 4 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.07*** |
| Wealth quintile 5 (wealthiest) | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Number of individuals | 4485 | 3756 | |||
| F-test of joint significance | 1.35 | ||||
| Panel B: clinics | |||||
| Number of clients | 87.04 | 7.10 | 95.56 | 9.13 | 8.52 |
| Years ownership | 10.64 | 0.59 | 9.86 | 0.68 | −0.78 |
| Antenatal care | 0.67 | 0.05 | 0.67 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
| Labour and delivery services | 0.4 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
| Postnatal care | 0.64 | 0.05 | 0.62 | 0.05 | −0.02 |
| Child immunization | 0.3 | 0.04 | 0.46 | 0.05 | 0.16** |
| Well-baby check-ups | 0.62 | 0.05 | 0.73 | 0.05 | 0.12* |
| TB treatment for adults | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.02 | −0.04 |
| Provides inpatient services | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
| Family planning clients | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Unit cost per client | 13.64 | 1.26 | 13.92 | 1.48 | 0.28 |
| Profit margin | 0.39 | 0.02 | 0.37 | 0.03 | −0.02 |
| NHIF empanelled | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.03 | −0.06 |
| Provides health insurance to businesses | 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.04 | −0.05 |
| Sells medicines to the public | 0.51 | 0.05 | 0.48 | 0.05 | −0.03 |
| Number of clinics | 107 | 92 | |||
| F-test of joint significance | 1.50 | ||||
Note: Robust standard errors are given clustered at the clinic level. The last column contains t-tests for the difference in means by treatment group. All missing values were imputed with the mean. The last row of each panel includes the F-statistic for a test of joint significance, conducted separately for the individual sample and the clinic sample. The number of clients was measured in previous week. Profit margin is an average calculated over previous 6 months.
*, ** and *** significance at the 1, 5 and 10% critical level.
Abbreviation: TB, tuberculosis.