Table 1.

Summary of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Drug-Resistant MTB

Drugs	Genes	Functionality	Reference
Rifampicin	ropB	Encodes the β subunit of RNA polymerase	[3]
Isoniazid	katG	Encodes catalase-peroxidase	[4]
	inhA	Encodes NADH-enoyl-dependent acetyl carrier protein reductase	[4]
Streptomycin	rpsL	Encodes S12	[5]
	rrs	Encodes16S RNA	[5]
	gidB	Encodes 7-methylguanosine-methyltransferase	[6]
Ethambutol	embB	Encodes arabinofuranosyltransferase, related to arabinogalactan synthesis	[7–9]
	embC	Encodes arabinofuranosyltransferase, related to arabinoglycan lipid synthesis	[7–9]
	embA	Encodes arabinofuranosyltransferase, related to arabinogalactan synthesis.	[7–9]
Cycloserine	Ald	Encodes L-alanine dehydrogenase	[10]
	Alr	Encodes alanine racemase	[11]
	ddlA	Encodes D-ala-D-ala ligase	[11]
Capreomycin	tlya	Regulate methylation of bacterial ribosomes	[12,13]
	rrs	Encodes 16S rRNA	[12,14]
	eis	Encodes aminoglycoside acetyltransferase	[15]
Linezolid	rrl	Encodes 23S rRNA	[16]
	rplC	Encodes the ribosomal L3 protein	[17,18]
Pyrazinamide	PncA	Encodes pyrazinamidase	[19]
	rpsA	Encodes the 30S ribosomal protein S1	[19]
	panD	Encodes aspartate decarboxylase	[19]
Bedaquiline	Rv0678	Enhances the expression of MTB membrane exocytosis MmpS5/MmpL5 membrane proteins	[20]
	atpE	Encodes the c subunit of F1/F0-ATP synthase	[21]
	pepQ (Rv2535c)	Encodes a protein with two structural domains, a100-aa N-terminal α/β structural domain and 250 KDA C-terminal peptidase structural domain	[22]
	rv1979c	Encodes a permease involved in amino acid transport	[23]
Clofazimine	Rv0678	The encoded product is a regulatory protein	[24,25]
	Rv1979c	Efflux pump expression	[25]
	Rv2535c	Permease, Peptidase	[25]
Delamanid	ddn	Encodes F420-cofactor-dependent nitroreductase	[26]
	fbiA	Encodes 2-phospholactate transferase	[27]
	fbiB	Encodes L-glutamate ligase	[28]
	fbiC	Encodes FO synthase	[29]
	fgd1	Encodes 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase	[30]

Notes: The italicized fonts represent the mutation genes associated with drug resistance.