Table 2.
Summary of outcome definition for each included study in PICO 1
| Study | Clinical cure | Microbiological failure | Beta-lactam resistance occurrence | Mortality rate | Survival rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wong et al. [20] | Resolution (disappearance of all signs and symptoms related to the infection) or improvement (marked or moderate reduction in the severity and/or number of signs and symptoms of infection) clinically as documented by independent clinicians in patients’ progress notes | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed |
| Carriè et al. [21] | Favourable clinical response (resolution of fever, organ dysfunction, clinical and biological symptoms of the initial infection) with no need for escalating antibiotics during treatment and/or within 15 days after end of treatment. Superinfections due to new causative pathogens with natural resistance to the initial antimicrobial therapy were not considered as therapeutic failure | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed |
| Abdulla et al. [22] | Reduction in ICU length of stay | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Survival rate at 30-day after starting antibiotic therapy |
| Alshaer et al. [23] | Not assessed | Not assessed | Development of resistance of a Gram-negative organism to the original selected beta-lactam, to which it was susceptible | In-hospital mortality rate | Not assessed |
| Taccone et al. [24] | Lack of acquisition of early Gram-negative infections and/or early MDR acquisition or infection (i.e., within 14 days after the transplantation) | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed |
| Gatti et al. [7] | Not assessed | Persistence of the same gram-negative pathogen isolated from index culture after ≥ 7 days from starting beta-lactam treatment | The increase of the MIC of the clinical isolate beyond the EUCAST clinical breakpoint for the specific selected beta-lactam | Not assessed | Not assessed |
| Chua et al. [25] | Improvement in presenting signs and symptoms of infection and/or inflammatory markers, and/or discontinuation, de-escalation, or oral conversion of initial beta-lactam therapy | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Survival rate at 14-day |
| Zhao et al. [26] | Disappearance of all signs and symptoms related to infection or a marked or moderate reduction in the severity and/or number of signs and symptoms of infection | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed |
| Alshaer et al. [27] | Resolution of infection-related symptoms present at the start of therapy, the resolution or lack of progression of radiological signs of pneumonia without change or addition of antibiotic therapy, and non-initiation of a new antibiotic within 48 h of stopping the original one | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Survival rate at 28-day |
| Gatti et al. [28] | Not assessed | Persistence of the same gram-negative pathogen isolated from index culture after ≥ 7 days from starting beta-lactam treatment | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed |
| Alshaer et al. [6] | Resolution of infection-related symptoms at day-7 | Not assessed | Not assessed | 30-day mortality rate | Not assessed |
| Gatti et al. [29] | Not assessed | Persistence of the same gram-negative pathogen isolated from index culture after ≥ 7 days from starting beta-lactam treatment | The increase of the MIC of the clinical isolate beyond the EUCAST clinical breakpoint for the specific selected beta-lactam | Not assessed | Not assessed |
ICU intensive care unit, MDR multidrug-resistant