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. 2024 Apr 16;16:84. doi: 10.1186/s13098-024-01332-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Characterization of sEVs derived from WJ-MSCs and apelin-modified WJ-MSCs. (a) TEM image showing the typical cup-shaped morphology of the extracted sEVs. (b) Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) displaying an average sEV diameter of 100–120 nm. (c) Western blot results indicating positive expression of sEV markers CD63, CD81, and TSG101 and negative expression of the non-sEVs marker calnexin blot as well as the presence of apelin protein in Ap-MSC-sEVs. Abbreviations: sEVs, small extracellular vesicles; AP-MSC-sEVs, apelin-MSC-sEVs, engineered sEVs loaded with overexpressed apelin; Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs); TEM, transmission electron microscopy