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. 2024 Apr 16;16:84. doi: 10.1186/s13098-024-01332-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — Inflammatory cytokine levels in T2DM model mice treated with MSC-sEVs and AP-MSC-sEVs. (a) Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels with both treatments, although more significantly with AP-MSC-sEVs treatment (P < 0.05), except for IL-6 in the MSC-sEVs group. (b) Serum levels of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-27 decreased slightly, whereas those of IL-10 increased in the T2DM + PBS group; there were significant changes in the levels of the factors under both sEV treatments, with a notable increase in IFN-β levels only in the T2DM + AP-MSC-sEVs group (P < 0.05; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). Abbreviations: sEVs, small extracellular vesicles; AP-MSC-sEVs, apelin-MSC-sEVs, engineered sEVs loaded with overexpressed apelin; Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs)