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. 2024 Apr 16;15:3028. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47298-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Molecular structures of donors (2X; X = O, S) and acceptors (F_n; n = 4, 2) in the mixed-stack complexes 2X–F_n. An illustration of the 1D packing mode of 2X–F_n is shown in the right. b σ_rt of 1D mixed-stack complexes as a function of charge-transfer degree from donor to acceptor (δ) determined for single-crystal structures. a: Benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (BTBT)–F₄¹⁵. b: 1,2-Di(2-thienyl)ethylene (DTE)–7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ)⁵. c: Naphthalene–TCNQ⁵. d: Perylene–TCNQ⁵. e: Dithieno[3,2-b:2’,3’-d]thiophene (DTT)–TCNQ⁵. f: Anthracene–TCNQ⁵. g: trans-Stilbene–TCNQ⁵. h: trans-2,2’,5,5’-Tetramethoxystilbene–TCNQ⁵. i: Pyrene–TCNQ⁵. j: Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF)–TCNQ⁵. k: 2,3,7,8-Tetramethoxydibenzo[b,e][1,4]thiaselenine (Vn₂SSe)–TCNQ⁶. l: 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)–p-chloranil (CA)¹⁶. m: Tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene (TMTSF)–TCNQ⁶. n: 2,3,7,8-Tetramethoxyselenanthrene (Vn₂Se₂)–TCNQ⁶. o: 1,6-Diaminopyrene (DAP)–p-bromanil (BA)²². p: 4,4’-Dimethyltetrathiafulvalene (DMTTF)–BA²⁰. q: Coronene–TCNQ⁶. r: Dibenzotetrathiafulvalene (DB-TTF)–TCNQ⁵. s: Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)–TCNQ¹⁷. t: DMTTF–CA²⁰. u: 5,10-Dihydro-5-10-dimethylphenazine (DHMP)–TCNQ⁶. v: TTF–CA¹⁸. w: 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-phenylenediamine (Cl₂PD)–2-chloro-5-methyl-7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (ClMeTCNQ)²⁰. x: 2-Chloro-5-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine (ClMePD)–2,5-diethyl-7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (Et₂TCNQ)²⁰. y: α,α’-Dimethylquaterthiophene (DMQtT)–F₄¹⁹. z: ClMePD–2,5-dimethyl-N,N’-dicyanoquinone diimine (DMeDCNQI)²⁰. a’: Tetrakis(methylthio)tetrathiafulvalene (TTC₁-TTF)–2-fluoro-5-methyl-7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (FMeTCNQ)²⁰. b’: TMB–2,5-dimethyl-7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (Me₂TCNQ)¹⁶. c’: TMB–TCNQ¹⁶. d’: Tetrakis(methyltelluro)tetrathiafulvalene (TTeC₁-TTF)–TCNQ²¹. e’: TMB–F₂¹⁶. f’: Phenazine–TCNQ⁵. g’: TMB–F₄¹⁶. The molecular structures are shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. The δ values for 2X–F_n are shown with error bars (standard deviation).