Table 3.
Summary of the biological applications of PR.
| Modification | Application | Method | Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Needle-like-TiO2/PR | Antibacterial (S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli) | Well diffusion method, bacterial colony-counting method, modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method | According to the colony-counting method, the needle-like TiO2/PR hybrid showed the highest effectiveness in killing E. coli bacteria. | [37] |
| Silica/PR | Antibacterial (S. aureus and E. coli) | Bacterial colony-counting method the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test | The antimicrobial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus was found to be excellent. | [41] |
| Silver/PR | Antibacterial (S. aureus and E. coli) and cytotoxicity | Bacterial colony-counting and MIC test | The antimicrobial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus was found to be excellent. | [40] |
| Silver/PR | Antibacterial (S. aureus, E. coli) | Modified Kirby-Bauer Test | Superior antibacterial effect on all bacteria | [39] |
| CNCs/PR | Antibacterial (B. subtilis, E. coli) and cytotoxicity | Bacterial colony-counting and MIC test | Rod-like CNC@PR nanoparticles showed noteworthy antibacterial potential towards E. coli and B. subtilis | [19] |
| CNCs/PR | Optical pH indicator | UV–Vis | Reversibly responded to changes in the pH | [18] |
| PR/Fe3O4/GO | Antibacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus, and C. albicans). Anticancer |
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). In vitro cell toxicity assay against hepatocarcinoma (Hep-G2) cells |
The most significant impact against E. coli was observed with the use of PR/Fe at a concentration of 7.8 μg/mL. On the other hand, P. aeruginosa exhibited approximately a 50 % increase in growth when treated with PR/Fe/GO at 7.8 μg/mL. | [4] |
| PR@CoFe2O4 | Cytotoxicity towards mouse macrophage and human osteosarcoma cell line. Antibacterial activity (E. coli, S. aureus) |
MTT assay Kirby-Bauer disc method. |
It indicated an interesting bactericidal property towards both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria with minimal cytotoxicity | [3] |
| PR@MnFe2O4 | Cytotoxicity against macrophages (RAW 264.7), osteosarcoma cells line (UMR-106), and stromal progenitor cells of adipose tissue (ASCs) Antibacterial activity (E. coli, S. aureus) |
In vitro cell toxicity effect. Agar diffusion method. |
The hybrids could control the physiological activity of cells in a manner that is proportional to their concentration. Additionally, the number of viable bacteria in the tested materials decreased significantly with increasing amounts of PR. | [23]. |
| PR/NiFe2O4 | Antibacterial activity (E. coli, S. aureus) | Disc diffusion method, MIC and MBC test | The antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus was found to be excellent. | [15] |
| PR | Antivirus and toxicity |
In ovo assay Blood serum biochemical parameters and tissue harvesting |
Antiviral activity for PR and no toxicity | [16] |
| Sulfonated-polyethersulfone/PR | Antifouling (E. coli, S. aureus) | Liquid culture test, linear cultivation tests, disk diffusion method, and Colony Forming Unit Counting Method | Excellent antibacterial activity and high membrane water flux | [36] |
| ZnO/PR | Antibacterial membrane | Colony counting and disk diffusion methods. | Enhanced the membrane properties | [22] |
| PR/Fe3O4/GO | DOX detection in biological fluids | Electrochemical assessment of the fabricated biosensor | Superior sensitivity of the biosensor | [5] |
| PR@MnFe2O4 | Osteoporosis treatment | Cell line culture, cell viability assay, analysis of mRNA expression profile | The hybrid compound at a ratio of 10/90 enhances the viability of the pre-osteoblasts | [30] |