Table 3.

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in different matrix.

Analytes	Matrix	Sorbent	Eluent	Sample size	Recovery (%)	Refs.
Dasatinib, erlotinib, and nilotinib	Human plasma, serum, and urine samples	Fe3O4/MPA NPs	Methanol containing 1 × 10−3 mol/L imidazole	1.0 mL	90.0–97.3	[13]
Sorafenib, dasatinib, and erlotinib hydrochloride	Wastewater and biological samples	Electrospun polyfam/Co-MOF-74	Alkaline methanol	20 mL	78.5–92.7	[14]
Sunitinib	Human blood, hair, urine, and urine	Honey@magnetic-CNTs	Methanol	n.d.	81–102	[17]
17 TKIs and 2 metabolites	Human plasma	Oasis® MCX	Acetonitrile:methanol:25% ammonia (57:38:5, V/V/V) and 8% formic acid	300 μL	20–30	[48]
Dasatinib, imatinib, and nilotinib	Rat plasma	Strata® C18-E (55 μm, 70 Å; 200 mg/3 mL)	Methanol	n.d.	94.37	[49]
Imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib	Human plasma	Versaplate-SCX (25 mg)	Acetonitrile:methanol (1:1, V/V) with 5% ammonia solution	200 μL	96–114	[50]
Imatinib, nilotinib, and lapatinib	Human plasma	RapidFire 300	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	[51]
Neratinib and pelitinib	Rat plasma	C18 Bond Elut cartridges	Methanol	n.d.	>89.73	[52]
11 TKIs	Human plasma	PRiME μ-SPE MCX	5% NH4OH in methanol:water (1:1, V/V) solution	300 μL	82–114	[55]
Imatinib mesylate	Rat plasma	MIL-101(Cr)	0.1% formic acid in water:methanol (6:4. V/V) solution	100 μL	>81.2	[57]
15 TKIs	Human plasma	HLB magnetic particles	Acetonitrile	100 μL	91.28–102.7	[61]
Imatinib	Human plasma and urine samples	Fe3O4@PNVCL-COOH NPs	n.d.	200 μL	>81.4	[63]
Nilotinib	Human serum	MMIN	Methanol	n.d.	90.0–98.0	[65]
Imatinib	Human urine and whole blood	Biocompatible coating/C18-SCX	1–4 μL of methanol (0.1% FA), 1.3 kV	10 μL–1.5 mL	n.d.	[70]
Imatinib	Human serum and urine samples	Dendrimer/rGO NPs	n.d.	2.0 mL	93.15–102.23	[73]
4 TKIs	Human serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples	Fe3O4@NixSiOy NPs	n.d.	1.5 mL	90.0–98.6	[76]

n.d.: not discovered. SCX: strong cation exchange; μ-SPE: micro-solid phase extraction; NPs: nanoparticles; MPA: melamine-phytate super-molecular aggregate; rGO: dendrimer/reduced graphene oxide; FA: formic acid; Co-MOF-74: Co-metal organic framework-74; CNTs: magnetized carbon nanotubes; HLB: hydrophile-lipophile balance; PNVCL: poly(N-vinylcaprolactam); MMIN: magnetic molecularly imprinted nanofiber.