Table 1.
Sample Size a and baseline characteristics of the study population by daily sitting time
| Variable | Daily sitting time | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | <4 h | 4 to 6 h | 6 to 8 h | >8 h | |
| Age, y | 47.1 (0.3) | 45.4 (0.4) | 47.9 (0.5) | 47.7 (0. 6) | 47.4 (0.4) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 5316 (50.0) | 1468 (49.1) | 1288 (51.6) | 827 (50.5) | 1733 (49.3) |
| Male | 5323 (50.0) | 1477 (50.9) | 1290 (48.4) | 848 (49.5) | 1708 (50.7) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||
| Hispanic | 2693 (25.3) | 1099 (21.8) | 676 (14.2) | 336 (10.4) | 582 (8.5) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 4786 (45.0) | 1069 (60.7) | 1134 (67.7) | 836 (72.8) | 1747 (74.6) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2023 (19.0) | 517 (10.9) | 518 (11.0) | 302 (9.4) | 686 (10.0) |
| Other b | 1137 (10.7) | 260 (6.6) | 250 (7.1) | 201 (7.4) | 426 (6.9) |
| Educational attainment | |||||
| < High school | 2378 (22.4) | 959 (22.3) | 616 (15.9) | 312 (13.3) | 491 (9.6) |
| High school | 2410 (22.7) | 733 (28.1) | 621 (24.7) | 392 (22.7) | 664 (17.6) |
| > High school | 5851 (55.0) | 1253 (49.6) | 1341 (59.4) | 971 (64.0) | 2286 (72.8) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 5571 (52.4) | 1543 (55.4) | 1364 (57,0) | 869 (54.3) | 1795 (56.4) |
| Never married | 1908 (17.9) | 476 (16.8) | 450 (17.6) | 325 (20.9) | 657 (18.5) |
| Divorced | 1175 (11.0) | 321 (10.2) | 273 (9.5) | 166 (9.1) | 415 (11.4) |
| other | 1985 (18.7) | 605 (17.6) | 491 (15.9) | 315 (15.7) | 574 (13.7) |
| HEI-2015 c | 50.43 (0.3) | 50.60 (0.4) | 49.69 (0.4) | 50.12 (0.5) | 50.95 (0.4) |
| Family poverty income ratio | |||||
| <1.3 | 3223 (30.3) | 1111 (28.0) | 810 (21.9) | 495 (20.1) | 807 (15.3) |
| 1.3–3.5 | 4061 (38.2) | 1204 (40.5) | 1037 (39.1) | 620 (36.2) | 1200 (31.2) |
| ≥3.5 | 3355 (31.5) | 630 (31.5) | 731 (39.1) | 560 (43.8) | 1434 (53.5) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| <25 | 3037 (28.6) | 890 (33.1) | 753 (30.7) | 482 (29.1) | 912 (27.1) |
| 25-29.9 | 3554 (33.4) | 1059 (34.7) | 893 (33.8) | 519 (31.3) | 1083 (32.4) |
| ≥30 | 4048 (38.1) | 996 (32.2) | 932 (35.4) | 674 (39.6) | 1446 (40.5) |
| Waist circumference | 99.44 (0.3) | 96.88 (0.4) | 98.68 (0.5) | 100.28 (0.6) | 101.25 (0.5) |
| Abdominal obesity d | |||||
| Yes | 6077 (57.1) | 1554 (50.0) | 1466 (57.2) | 979 (58.3) | 2078 (60.0) |
| Alcohol use | |||||
| Never | 1369 (12.9) | 453 (12.0) | 312 (10.0) | 220 (10.3) | 384 (8.8) |
| Former | 1623 (15.3) | 435 (12.0) | 423 (13.7) | 269 (12.9) | 496 (11.3) |
| Mild | 3789 (35.6) | 913 (33.0) | 918 (38.5) | 622 (39.4) | 1336 (41.6) |
| Moderate | 1664 (15.6) | 432 (16.0) | 387 (16.8) | 241 (16.3) | 604 (20.4) |
| Heavy | 2194 (20.6) | 712 (27.0) | 538 (21.0) | 323 (21.1) | 621 (17.9) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 5886 (55.3) | 1690 (54.7) | 1394 (55.1) | 904 (54.5) | 1898 (57.2) |
| Former | 2646 (24.9) | 668 (24.7) | 638 (23.0) | 434 (26.6) | 906 (27.0) |
| Now | 2107 (19.8) | 587 (20.6) | 546 (21.8) | 337 (18.9) | 637 (15.8) |
| Diabetes | |||||
| Yes | 1474 (13.9) | 389 (8.4) | 346 (9.8) | 226 (9. 9) | 513 (11.4) |
| Hypertension | |||||
| Yes | 5585 (52.5) | 1448 (44.0) | 1381 (49.8) | 906 (48.6) | 1850 (48.8) |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||
| Yes | 1138 (10.7) | 255 (7.0) | 254 (8.2) | 208 (10.0) | 421 (9.3) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | |||||
| Yes | 1304 (12.3) | 376 (12.4) | 353 (14.7) | 202 (11.9) | 373 (11.4) |
| Cancer diagnosis | |||||
| Yes | 980 (9.2) | 203 (7.5) | 239 (9.9) | 186 (10.2) | 352 (10.0) |
| PA, min/wk | |||||
| None (inactive) | 2567 (24.1) | 571 (14.9) | 526 (16.6) | 420 (20.5) | 1050 (26.0) |
|
0 to < 150 (insufficiently active) |
1463 (13.8) | 333 (10.0) | 308 (11.7) | 227 (12.0) | 595 (17.1) |
| ≥ 150 (active) | 6609 (62.1) | 2041 (75.2) | 1744 (71.8) | 1028 (67.5) | 1796 (56.9) |
| Coffee consumption | |||||
| None | 5095 (47.9) | 1420 (47.3) | 1225 (46.6) | 800 (48.2) | 1650 (44.4) |
| Q1 f | 1850 (17.4) | 579 (16.4) | 434 (13.9) | 298 (14.2) | 539 (14.1) |
| Q2 f | 1863 (17.5) | 495 (17.1) | 477 (18.9) | 281 (16.4) | 610 (19.0) |
| Q3 f | 1831 (17.2) | 451 (19.2) | 442 (20.6) | 296 (21.2) | 642 (22.4) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); PA, physical activity; h, hours; min/wk, minutes per week; NHANES, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
The descriptive statistics are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and number (percentage) for continuous and categorical variables
a Weighted to be nationally representative
b Including American Indian/Alaska Native/Pacific Islander, Asian, and multiracial
C HEI-2015 (Healthy Eating Index-2015, which is derived from a 24-hour dietary recall interview, and measures the quality of a person’s overall diet from 0 to 100 [worst to best])
d Abdominal obesity, men and women were divided into two groups based on their waist circumferences (men, ≥ 120 cm; women, ≥ 88 cm)
f Coffee consumption(g/day) of coffee drinkers was divided into three groups (Q1, Q2 and Q3) by quartile. Q1, Q2 and Q3 are < 326, 326–540, > 540, respectively