Table 2.
Association of daily sitting time and coffee consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality
| Mortality outcome | Death/No. | Weighted death (%) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
| All causes | |||||
| Daily sitting time | |||||
| < 4 h | 199/2945 | 2,059,972 (4.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 4 to 6 h | 218/2578 | 2,599,351 (6.1) | 1.16 (0.92, 1.47) | 1.13 (0.89, 1.44) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.41) |
| 6 to 8 h | 164/1675 | 1,860,378 (6.4) | 1.15 (0.88, 1.50) | 1.09 (0.83, 1.43) | 1.06 (0.80, 1.39) |
| ≥ 8 h | 364/3441 | 4,616,467 (7.1) | 1.61 (1.33, 1.94) | 1.58 (1.28, 1.95) | 1.46 (1.17, 1.81) |
| P for trend | NA | NA | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Coffee consumption(g/d) | |||||
| Q0a | 344/5095 | 4,033,369 (4.9) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Q1b | 219/1850 | 2,293,754 (8.8) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.12) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.11) |
| Q2b | 180/1863 | 2,203,843 (6.8) | 0.79 (0.64, 0.99) | 0.79 (0.64, 0.99) | 0.81 (0.65, 1.01) |
| Q3b | 202/1831 | 2,605,203 (6.9) | 0.79 (0.63, 0.98) | 0.68 (0.55, 0.84) | 0.67 (0.54, 0.84) |
| P for trend | NA | NA | 0.02 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| CVD | |||||
| Daily sitting time | |||||
| < 4 h | 52/2945 | 461,929 (1.1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 4 to 6 h | 70/2578 | 848,548 (2.0) | 1.59 (1.01, 2.51) | 1.48 (0.93, 2.37) | 1.45 (0.90, 2.33) |
| 6 to 8 h | 47/1675 | 480,049 (1.7) | 1.27 (0.76, 2.13) | 1.17 (0.69, 1.97) | 1.12 (0.67, 1.86) |
| ≥ 8 h | 115/3441 | 1,411,401 (2.2) | 2.20 (1.52, 3.17) | 2.01 (1.34, 3.01) | 1.79 (1.21, 2.66) |
| P for trend | NA | NA | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.01 |
| Coffee consumption(g/d) | |||||
| Q0a | 115/5095 | 1,378,022 (1.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Q1b | 68/1850 | 630,541 (2.4) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.02) | 0.71 (0.50, 1.00) | 0.70 (0.49, 0.99) |
| Q2b | 53/1863 | 613,430 (1.9) | 0.61 (0.40, 0.93) | 0.62 (0.40, 0.96) | 0.64 (0.42, 0.99) |
| Q3b | 48/1831 | 579,934 (1.5) | 0.50 (0.32, 0.77) | 0.45 (0.29, 0.68) | 0.46 (0.30, 0.69) |
| P for trend | NA | NA | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: h, hours; g/d, grams per day; NA, not applicable; NHANES, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Model 1: adjusted for age
Model 2: multivariable model additionally adjusted for sex (male/female), race and ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, other race or ethnicity [including American Indian/Alaska Native/Pacific Islander, Asian, multiracial]), education level (< high school, high school, > high school), BMI (< 25, 25-29.9, > 30), waist circumference, marital status (married, divorced, unmarried), smoking status (never, former, current), alcohol use (never, ever, mild, moderate, heavy) and Healthy Eating Index-2015 score, family poverty income ratio (< 1.30, 1.30–3.49 or > 3.5), hypertension (yes/no), history of diabetes (yes/no), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), cardiovascular disease (yes/no) and history of cancer diagnosis (yes/no)
Model 3: additionally adjusted for physical activity (PA)
a Q0 means non-coffee consumers
b Coffee consumption(g/day) of coffee drinkers was divided into three groups (Q1, Q2 and Q3) by quartile. Q1, Q2 and Q3 are < 326, 326–540, > 540, respectively