Table 3.
Joint association of daily sitting time and coffee consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality
| Mortality outcome | Sedentary time | Death/No. | Weighted death (%) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
| All causes | ||||||
| Coffee consumers | Sitting time, < 6 h/d | 272/2878 | 2,904,562 (6.4) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Sitting time, ≥ 6 h/d | 329/2666 | 4,198,239 (8.2) | 1.40 (1.12, 1.74) | 1.31 (1.05, 1.63) | 1.22 (0.97, 1.54) | |
| Non-consumers | Sitting time, < 6 h/d | 145/2645 | 1,754,762 (4.4) | 1.31 (1.02, 1.69) | 1.30 (1.01, 1.67) | 1.28 (0.99, 1.65) |
| Sitting time, ≥ 6 h/d | 199/2450 | 2,278,607(5.3) | 1.58 (1.24, 2.01) | 1.66 (1.31, 2.09) | 1.58 (1.25, 1.99) | |
| CVD | ||||||
| Coffee consumers | Sitting time, < 6 h/d | 73/2878 | 713,171 (1.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Sitting time, ≥ 6 h/d | 96/2666 | 1,110,734 (2.2) | 1.54 (1.15, 2.06) | 1.39 (1.01, 1.93) | 1.27 (0.91, 1.75) | |
| Non-consumers | Sitting time, < 6 h/d | 49/2645 | 597,306 (1.5) | 1.90 (1.17, 3.09) | 1.85 (1.13, 3.04) | 1.78 (1.08, 2.95) |
| Sitting time, ≥ 6 h/d | 66/2450 | 780,716 (1.8) | 2.34 (1.53, 3.58) | 2.29 (1.46, 3.59) | 2.10 (1.34, 3.29) | |
Abbreviations: h/d, hours per day; NHANES, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Model 1: adjusted age
Model 2: multivariable model additionally adjusted for sex (male/female), race and ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, other race or ethnicity [including American Indian/Alaska Native/Pacific Islander, Asian, multiracial]), education level (< high school, high school, > high school), BMI (< 25, 25-29.9, > 30), waist circumference, marital status (married, divorced, unmarried), smoking status (never, former, current), alcohol use (never, ever, mild, moderate, heavy) and Healthy Eating Index-2015 score, family poverty income ratio (< 1.30, 1.30–3.49 or > 3.5), hypertension (yes/no), history of diabetes (yes/no), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), cardiovascular disease (yes/no) and history of cancer diagnosis (yes/no)
Model 3: additionally adjusted for PA