Table 1.
Socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of the study participants
| Variable | WHO Recommendation | Routine Care | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 54) | (n = 54) | ||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age (years) | 26.2 (7) | 26.1 (6.5) | 0.966a |
| Spouse age (year) | 31.8 (6.1) | 32 (5.5) | 0.882a |
| Marriage age (year) | 5.6 (5.2) | 6.6 (5) | 0.321a |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 (4.2) | 25.4 (4.4) | 0.534a |
| Gestational age (week) | 38.6 (1.4) | 38.5 (1.6) | 0.533a |
| N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 54 (100) | 54 (100) | |
| Income | 1.000b | ||
| Adequate | 12 (22.2) | 13 (24.1) | |
| Relatively adequate | 37 (68.5) | 36 (66.7) | |
| Inadequate | 5 (9.3) | 5 (9.3) | |
| House status | 0.124b | ||
| Personal house | 22 (41) | 34 (63) | |
| Rented house | 18 (33) | 10 (18.5) | |
| Relative house | 14 (26) | 10 (18.5) | |
| Education | 0.209b | ||
| Primary/Secondary/ High school | 30 (55.6) | 34 (63) | |
| Diploma | 15 (27.7) | 17 (31.4) | |
| Academic | 9 (16.7) | 3 (5.6) | |
| Spouse education | 0.449b | ||
| Primary/Secondary/ High school | 23 (42.6) | 28 (52) | |
| Diploma | 20 (37) | 17 (31.5) | |
| Academic | 11 (20.4) | 9 (16.7) | |
| Job | 0.205c | ||
| Housewife | 49 (90.7) | 53 (98.1) | |
| Employee | 5 (9.3) | 1 (1.9) | |
| Spouse job | 0.842d | ||
| Employee/Worker | 21 (38.9) | 19 (35.2) | |
| Free job | 33 (61.1) | 35 (64.8) | |
| Number of pregnancies | 0.296b | ||
| 1 | 27 (50) | 22 (40.7) | |
| 2 | 20 (37) | 21 (38.9) | |
| 3 and higher | 7 (13) | 11 (20.4) | |
| Number of childbirths | 0.450d | ||
| First childbirth | 26 (49.1) | 23 (41.8) | |
| Second childbirth | 27 (50.9) | 32 (58.2) | |
| Previous abortions | 0.639d | ||
| Yes | 44 (81.5) | 41 (75.9) | |
| No | 10 (18.5) | 13 (24.1) | |
| Participation in childbirth preparation classes | 0.657d | ||
| Yes | 15 (27.8) | 12 (22.2) | |
| No | 39 (72.2) | 42 (77.8) | |
| Unwanted pregnancy | 0.970d | ||
| Yes | 21 (38.9) | 13 (24.1) | |
| No | 33 (61.1) | 41 (75.9) | |
| Type of previous childbirth | 0.137b | ||
| No childbirth | 30 (55.6) | 22 (40.7) | |
| Vaginal | 24 (44.4) | 31 (57.4) | |
| Cesarean | 0 | 1 (1.9) | |
| History of difficult childbirth | 0.236d | ||
| Yes | 9 (37.5) | 7 (21.2) | |
| No | 15 (62.5) | 26 (78.8) | |
| History of infertility | 0.359d | ||
| Yes | 5 (9.3) | 9 (16.7) | |
| No | 49 (90.7) | 45 (83.3) | |
| Spouse support | 0.518b | ||
| Low | 34 (63) | 38 (70.4) | |
| Moderate | 11 (20.3) | 9 (16.6) | |
| Much | 9 (16.7) | 7 (13) | |
| Transfer baby to NICU | 0.805d | ||
| Yes | 9 (79.6) | 11 (20.4) | |
| No | 45 (83.3) | 43 (16.7) | |
| Skin-by-skin contact | 0.436d* | ||
| Yes | 42 (85.7) | 39 (78) | |
| No | 7 (14.3) | 11 (22) | |
| Breastfeeding in the labor room | 0.470d* | ||
| Yes | 40 (81.6) | 37 (74) | |
| No | 9 (18.4) | 13 (26) | |
| Intention to have cesarean in the next childbirth | < 0.001d** | ||
| Yes | 5 (17.9) | 16 (76.2) | |
| No | 23 (82.1) | 5 (23.8) | |
aIndependent t-test; b Chi-square for trend; cFisher’s exact test; dChi-square
* Analyses were done for 49 women in the intervention and 50 women in the control group, **Analysis was done for 53 women in each group