Table 1.
Comparison of demographics, acne-inducing factors, and dairy and protein supplement consumption between acne cases and controls.
| Variable | Cases N = 100 | Controls N = 101 | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (n/N)% | n | (n/N)% | ||
| Age (years) | 0.105 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 22 (4.52) | 23 (5.07) | |||
| 14–21 | 49 | (49.0) | 42 | (41.6) | 0.168 |
| 22–29 | 43 | (43.0) | 41 | (40.6) | |
| 30–37 | 7 | (7.0) | 13 | (12.9) | |
| 38–45 | 1 | (1.0) | 5 | (4.9) | |
| Education level | 0.271 | ||||
| Primary school | 15 | (15.0) | 14 | (13.9) | |
| High school | 18 | (18.0) | 21 | (20.8) | |
| Bachelor | 64 | (64.0) | 58 | (57.4) | |
| Grand | 3 | (3.0) | 8 | (7.9) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 0.144 | ||||
| Underweight <20 | 7 | (7.0) | 4 | (4.0) | |
| Normal weight (20–25) | 46 | (46.0) | 40 | (39.6) | |
| Overweight >25 | 40 | (40.0) | 40 | (39.6) | |
| Obese >30 | 7 | (7.0) | 17 | (16.8) | |
| Smoking habits | 0.850 | ||||
| I don't smoke | 39 | (39.0) | 41 | (40.6) | |
| I smoke cigarettes and water pipe | 11 | (11.0) | 13 | (12.9) | |
| Cigarette smoking | 34 | (34.0) | 35 | (34.6) | |
| Water pipe smoking | 16 | (16.0) | 12 | (11.9) | |
| Chronic disease (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and thyroid disease) | 5 | (5.0) | 1 | (1.0) | 0.118∗ |
| Corticosteroid intake in the last 3 months | 4 | (4.0) | 3 | (2.97) | 0.690 |
| Vitamin B12 intake in the last 3 months | 33 | (33.0) | 24 | (23.8) | 0.146 |
| Family history of acne | 41 | (41.0) | 25 | (24.8) | 0.014 |
| Anabolic steroid intake | 2 | (2.0) | 2 | (1.98) | 1.000∗ |
| Protein supplement intake | 59 | (59.0) | 43 | (42.5) | 0.019 |
| Full-fat milk | 44 | (44.0) | 30 | (29.7) | 0.035 |
| Skimmed milk | 25 | (25.0) | 31 | (30.7) | 0.368 |
| Dairy products (yogurt and cheese) | 60 | (60.0) | 59 | (58.4) | 0.819 |
∗ These p values were obtained using Fisher's exact test due to low count.