Table 3.

Summary of LIT and HIT training interventions included within each review, training prescription, and evaluation.

Author	Mode	Duration (weeks)	Frequency (times per week)	Intensity (as reported in reviews)	VO2max
MICT
Huang et al. [19]	Walking (80%), jogging, cycling, stair-climbing, aerobic dance, tai chi, outdoor and aerobic games.	38.1 ± 10	Total = 3.3 ± 0.7	MICT: HRmax (n = 19, 60–85% (73.3 ± 6.2%)), VO2max (n = 10, 50–82% (63.5 ± 10.4%)), HRR (n = 28, 35–80% (62.0 ± 13.1%)), HRmax (n = 10, 107–129 bpm 119.8 ± 7.5 bpm))	MICT: (mean ± SEM, 3.50 ± 0.84 mL.kg.min−1; 95% CI: 1.83–5.17; p < 0.001), CON: (0.27 ± 0.91 mL.kg.min−1; 95% CI: –2.08 to 1.54; p=0.769 )
HIIT
Wen et al. [20]	Cycling (n = 21) Handcycling (n = 1) Running (n = 10) Walking (n = 1) Swimming (n = 1) Rowing (n = 2)	6.62 ± 3.46	Total = 3.17 ± 0.94	HIIT: vVO2max (n = 3, 100–110%), All out (n = 11), pVO2max (n = 3, 100–125%), VO2max (n = 6, 80–120%), VO2peak (n = 1, 90%), Wmax (n = 2, 80-90%), LT (n = 1, 120–140%), HRR (n = 2, 80-90%), HRmax (n = 3, 85–97.5%), maximal effort (n = 2), near maximal (n = 1), PPO (n = 1, 175%). MICT: GET (n = 1, 90%), VO2max (n = 6, 60–70%), VO2peak (n = 3, 65%), LT (n = 1, 80-95%), HRR (n = 2, 50–55%), HRmax (n = 4, 65–80%), pVO2wmax (n = 1, 65%). EX-CON: 13 km/hr (n = 1), HRmax (n = 1, 70%), VO2max (n = 1, 80%), vVO2peak (n = 1, 50%)	Healthy: HIIT vs. CON: large effect (SMD = 5.45 mL.kg.min−1; SMD = 1.81, 95% CI 1.39–2.22, p < 0.05). HIIT vs. MICT: moderate effect (SMD = 2.06 mL.kg.min−1; SMD = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.23–1.05, p < 0.05). Athletic: HIIT vs. CON: small effect (SMD = 1.71 mL.kg.min−1; SMD = 0.57, 95% CI 0.13–1.01, p < 0.05)
Montero et al. [21]	Walking (n = 7) Running (n = 7) Cycling (n = 13) Rowing (n = 4)	23.95 ± 17.85	Total = 2.56 ± 0.88	HIIT: HRmax (n = 9, 70–90%), VO2max (n = 5, 60–80%), Wmax (n = 2, 90–100 %), HRR (n = 1, 80%). MICT: not reported	MICT vs. HIIT: SMD: 0.95 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.25), p < 0.0001. MICT: SMD: 0.79 (95% CI: 0.41, 1.17), p < 0.0001
Scribbans et al. [22]	Cycle (n = 26) Running (n = 13) Ball dribbling (n = 1) Snowshoeing (n = 1)	T1 = 6 ± 0.3 T2 = 6.9 ± 0.4 T3 = 6.2 ± 0.3	T1 = 3.7 ± 0.3 T2 = 3.2 ± 0.2 T3 = 3.1 ± 0.2	MICT: T1 = 68(60–70% VO2max). HIIT: T2 = 87(80–92.5% VO2max), T3 = 167(100–250% VO2max)	T1: Pre = 3.2 ± 0.2 (L.min−1), Post = 3.5 ± 0.2 (0.29 ± 0.15, ES = 0.77). T2: Pre = 3.8 ± 0.2, Post = 4.1 ± 0.2 (0.26 ± 0.10, ES = 0.68). T3: Pre = 3.2 ± 0.2, Post = 3.5 ± 0.2 (0.35 ± 0.17, ES = 0.80)
Milanović et al. [23]	Not reported	HIIT = 8.86 ± 5.01 END = 9.62 ± 5.43	HIIT = 3.2 ± 2.98 END = 3.32 ± 2.87	HIIT: all out (n = 6), HRmax (n = 4, 90–100%), HRR (n = 1, 100%), VO2max (n = 7, 80–170%), Pmax (n = 1, 125%), pVO2max (n = 1, 80%), MAS (n = 1, 105–110%), vVO2max (n = 2, 75–130%), pVO2max (n = 1, 80%), WRmax (n = 1, 120%), LT (n = 1, 120–140%). MICT: HRmax (n = 6, 60-80%), HRR (n = 2, 75–85%), VO2max (n = 9, 60–70%), VO2peak (n = 4, 65%), vVO2max (n = 1, 75%), VLT (n = 1, 75–85%), LT (n = 1, 80–85%)	HIIT: 5.5 ± 1.2 mL.kg.min−1. MICT: 4.9 ± 1.4 2 mL.kg.min−1
Montero et al. [24]	Cycle ergometer (n = 7) Treadmill (n = 6)	5–12.9	Total = 1.17-4.41	HIIT: Wmax (n = 1, 50–75%), HRmax (n = 7, 70–100%), VO2max (n = 5, 60–95%). MICT: not reported	MICT: SMD: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.23–1.05, p=0.002. HIIT: SMD: 0.87 (CI: 0.22–1.51), p=0.008
Weston et al. [14]	Wingate cycling	HIIT = 5.3 ± 2.25 END = 4.9 ± 2.1 EX-CON = 4.4 ± 2.7	HIIT = 2.8 ± 0.5 MICT = 3.4 ± 1.1 EX-CON = 4	HIIT: VO2max (n = 3, 95–130%), Vmax (n = 1, 93%), Pmax (n = 8, 90–175%), all out (n = 23). MICT: VO2max (n = 5, 65–80%), GET (n = 1, 90%), Pmax (n = 1, 60–70%), HRmax (n = 1, 70–80%). EX-CON: vVO2max (n = 1, 75%)	HIIT: 6.2%, ±3.1 (90% CI). MICT vs. HIIT: −1.6% ±4.3. EX-CON: 1.2% ±2.0
Bacon et al. [25]	Running Cycling	6–12	Not reported	HIIT: not reported MICT: 30–48 min/day at 64.3 ± 3.7% VO2max	HIIT: Random effects model: 0.51 L.min−1 (95% CI: 0.43–0.60, p=0.001 ). SMD = 0.86 (95% CI: 0.72 to 0.99). MICT: not reported
SIT
Gist et al. [26]	Cycling (n = 10) Running (n = 7)	4.8 ± 2.3	Total = 2.9 ± 0.4	SIT: All out (n = 13), Maximal (n = 1), PPO (n = 1, 175%), VO2max (n = 1, 130%). EX-CON: VO2max (n = 6, 65-80%), HRmax (n = 1, 70–80%), GET (n = 1, 90%), NA (n = 7), Moderate (n = 1), Low-moderate (n = 1)	SIT: -2.43-11.84% (Cohen's d = 0.32, 95% CI : 0.10–0.55; z = 2.79, p < 0.01). SIT vs. MICT: 2.17–13.49% (Cohen's d = 0.04, 95% CI : −0.17 to 0.24; z = 0.36, p=0.72 ). SIT vs. EX-CON: Cohen's d = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.46–0.93; z = 5.84, p < 0.01)
Sloth et al. [15]	Wingate tests (n = 18) Treadmill (n = 1)	4.46 ± 2.3	Total = 3	SIT: all out: 30 seconds (n = 9), 10–15 seconds (n = 3). MICT: not reported	SIT: Range: 4.2–13.4%. Mean: 8.54 ± 3.05%. SMD: 0.63, 95% CI: (0.39–0.87)
HIIT and SIT
Maturana et al. [27]	Cycling (n = 20) running (n = 5)	8.76 ± 9.03	HIIT = 3.08 ± 0.28 SIT = 3.07 ± 0.27 MICT = 3.32 ± 0.69	HIIT: VO2max (n = 6, 75–101%), PPO (n = 1, 100%), ∆LT (n = 1, 35–75%). SIT: maximal at resistance % BM (n = 9, 7.5%), %BM (n = 2, 5%), VO2max (n = 2, 100–170%), HRmax (n = 1, 90–95%) MICT: VO2max (n = 17, 50–70%), LT (n = 2, 90–95%), HRR (n = 2, 50–60%), HRmax (n = 3, 64–80%)	HIIE vs. MICT: small effect (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.04–0.48, p=0.022)

HIIT: high-intensity interval training; CON: nonexercise control; MICT: moderate-intensity continuous training; EX-CON: exercising control; SIT: sprint interval training; VO₂max: maximal oxygen uptake; T1: 60–70% VO₂max; T2: 80–92.5% VO₂max; T3: 100–250% VO₂max; HRmax: maximal heart rate; HRR: heart rate reserve; Vmax: maximal velocity at VO₂max; vVO2max : velocity at VO₂max; Pmax: peak watt work load; GET: gas exchange threshold; pVO₂max: maximal aerobic power; MAS: maximal aerobic speed; WRmax: work rate at VO₂max; ∆LT: change between lactate threshold VO2max; VO₂peak: peak oxygen uptake; VLT: velocity at lactate threshold; Wmax: maximal power output; PPO: peak power output; maximal at resistance of %BM: 30 second all-out effort relative to % body mass; and HIIE: combination of HIIT and SIT training effects on VO₂max