TABLE 1.

Local and systematic absorption of the FDA-approved ASO drugs

The data are extracted from the FDA drug labels of each ASO drug.

Drug	AdministrationSite and Route	Local vs. Systematic Absorption	Ability to Cross Blood-Brain Barrier	Tissues with Highest Drug Concentrations	Peak Plasma Concentration Time (Hours)
Fomivirsen	Intravitreal injection	Local eye	No	Retina, iris; systemic exposure: minimal (below limits of quantitation)	Very low
Pegaptanib	Intravitreal injection	Local eye	No	Vitreous fluid, retina, aqueous fluid; systemic exposure: kidney	Slowly absorbed into systemic circulation
Nusinersen	Intrathecal injection	CNS and systematic	Yes	CNS, plasma, peripheral tissue (skeletal muscle, liver, kidney), fat, bone marrow, spleen	1.7–6
Mipomersen	S.C. injection	Systematic	No	Liver, kidney, bone marrow, adipose tissue, lymph nodes	3–4
Inotersen	S.C. injection	Systematic	No	Liver, kidney, broad tissues	2–4
Defibrotide	I.V. infusion	Systematic	No	Cells lining blood vessel in liver	2
Eteplirsen	I.V. infusion	Systematic	No	Kidney, skeletal muscles	1–2
Golodirsen	I.V. infusion	Systematic	No	Kidney, all tissue except CNS	1
Viltolarsen	I.V. infusion	Systematic	No	Kidney, skeletal muscle	1
Casimersen	I.V. infusion	Systematic	No	Kidney, skeletal muscle	1