Table 1.
Characteristics of female and male participants at baseline according to female-specific and male-specific total cancer PRSs
| Characteristicsa,b | Females (N=34383) | Males (N=31925) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female-specific Total Cancer PRS | Male-specific Total Cancer PRS | |||||
| Low (N=11444) | Intermediate (N=11476) | High (N=11463) | Low (N=10601) | Intermediate (N=10607) | High (N=10717) | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 45.0 (2.73) | 45.0 (2.72) | 45.0 (2.72) | 44.9 (2.75) | 45.0 (2.74) | 44.9 (2.75) |
| Sex-specific HLS, n (%) | ||||||
| Healthy | 2566 (22.4%) | 2515 (21.9%) | 2507 (21.9%) | 792 (7.5%) | 740 (7.0%) | 745 (7.0%) |
| Intermediate | 8462 (73.9%) | 8527 (74.3%) | 8477 (74.0%) | 6625 (62.5%) | 6560 (61.8%) | 6636 (61.9%) |
| Unhealthy | 416 (3.6%) | 434 (3.8%) | 479 (4.2%) | 3184 (30.0%) | 3307 (31.2%) | 3336 (31.1%) |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||||
| Current smoker | 1204 (10.5%) | 1216 (10.6%) | 1225 (10.7%) | 1551 (14.6%) | 1547 (14.6%) | 1568 (14.6%) |
| Others | 10240 (89.5%) | 10260 (89.4%) | 10238 (89.3%) | 9050 (85.4%) | 9060 (85.4%) | 9149 (85.4%) |
| BMI, n (%) | ||||||
| 18.5≤ to <25 kg/m2 | 5447 (47.6%) | 5477 (47.7%) | 5538 (48.3%) | 2912 (27.5%) | 2914 (27.5%) | 2964 (27.7%) |
| Others | 5997 (52.4%) | 5999 (52.3%) | 5925 (51.7%) | 7689 (72.5%) | 7693 (72.5%) | 7753 (72.3%) |
| Physical activity, n (%) | ||||||
| Met the guidelinesc | 5901 (51.6%) | 5877 (51.2%) | 5838 (50.9%) | 6224 (58.7%) | 6127 (57.8%) | 6183 (57.7%) |
| Didn’t meet the guidelines | 5543 (48.4%) | 5599 (48.8%) | 5625 (49.1%) | 4377 (41.3%) | 4480 (42.2%) | 4534 (42.3%) |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | ||||||
| Never | 637 (5.6%) | 575 (5.0%) | 567 (4.9%) | 413 (3.9%) | 423 (4.0%) | 406 (3.8%) |
| Special occasions only | 1274 (11.1%) | 1311 (11.4%) | 1222 (10.7%) | 617 (5.8%) | 567 (5.3%) | 666 (6.2%) |
| One to three times a month | 1745 (15.2%) | 1646 (14.3%) | 1790 (15.6%) | 1184 (11.2%) | 1217 (11.5%) | 1226 (11.4%) |
| Once or twice a week | 3432 (30.0%) | 3403 (29.7%) | 3533 (30.8%) | 3318 (31.3%) | 3236 (30.5%) | 3286 (30.7%) |
| Three or four times a week | 2818 (24.6%) | 2818 (24.6%) | 2737 (23.9%) | 2977 (28.1%) | 3015 (28.4%) | 3057 (28.5%) |
| Daily or almost daily | 1538 (13.4%) | 1723 (15.0%) | 1614 (14.1%) | 2092 (19.7%) | 2149 (20.3%) | 2076 (19.4%) |
| Fruit and vegetable intake, n (%) | ||||||
| <3 servings/day | 3958 (34.6%) | 4105 (35.8%) | 4014 (35.0%) | 4735 (44.7%) | 4867 (45.9%) | 4880 (45.5%) |
| ≥3 to <5 servings/day | 4966 (43.4%) | 4906 (42.8%) | 5025 (43.8%) | 3886 (36.7%) | 3867 (36.5%) | 3849 (35.9%) |
| ≥5 servings/day | 2520 (22.0%) | 2465 (21.5%) | 2424 (21.1%) | 1980 (18.7%) | 1873 (17.7%) | 1988 (18.6%) |
| Whole grain intake, n (%) | ||||||
| <2 servings/day | 7342 (64.2%) | 7249 (63.2%) | 7302 (63.7%) | 5766 (54.4%) | 5849 (55.1%) | 5884 (54.9%) |
| ≥2 to <5.5 servings/day | 4062 (35.5%) | 4187 (36.5%) | 4120 (35.9%) | 4525 (42.7%) | 4454 (42.0%) | 4542 (42.4%) |
| ≥5.5 servings/day | 40 (0.3%) | 40 (0.3%) | 41 (0.4%) | 310 (2.9%) | 304 (2.9%) | 291 (2.7%) |
| Red and processed meat intake, n (%) | ||||||
| <2 times/week | 2330 (20.4%) | 2362 (20.6%) | 2274 (19.8%) | 1033 (9.7%) | 966 (9.1%) | 986 (9.2%) |
| ≥2 to <4 times/week | 5478 (47.9%) | 5400 (47.1%) | 5416 (47.2%) | 3847 (36.3%) | 3807 (35.9%) | 3848 (35.9%) |
| ≥4 times/week | 3636 (31.8%) | 3714 (32.4%) | 3773 (32.9%) | 5721 (54.0%) | 5834 (55.0%) | 5883 (54.9%) |
| Average total household income, n (%) | ||||||
| Less than 18,000 | 1199 (10.5%) | 1181 (10.3%) | 1208 (10.5%) | 788 (7.4%) | 833 (7.9%) | 820 (7.7%) |
| 18,000 to 30,999 | 1907 (16.7%) | 1881 (16.4%) | 1945 (17.0%) | 1525 (14.4%) | 1546 (14.6%) | 1587 (14.8%) |
| 31,000 to 51,999 | 3379 (29.5%) | 3271 (28.5%) | 3353 (29.3%) | 3251 (30.7%) | 3176 (29.9%) | 3307 (30.9%) |
| 52,000 to 100,000 | 3268 (28.6%) | 3396 (29.6%) | 3292 (28.7%) | 3467 (32.7%) | 3502 (33.0%) | 3414 (31.9%) |
| Greater than 100,000 | 924 (8.1%) | 937 (8.2%) | 888 (7.7%) | 1000 (9.4%) | 981 (9.2%) | 982 (9.2%) |
| Prefer not to answer or do not know | 767 (6.7%) | 810 (7.1%) | 777 (6.8%) | 570 (5.4%) | 569 (5.4%) | 607 (5.7%) |
| Family history of cancer, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 8497 (74.2%) | 8161 (71.1%) | 8019 (70.0%) | 7624 (71.9%) | 7588 (71.5%) | 7685 (71.7%) |
| Yes | 2947 (25.8%) | 3315 (28.9%) | 3444 (30.0%) | 2977 (28.1%) | 3019 (28.5%) | 3032 (28.3%) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||
| College or University degree | 4626 (40.4%) | 4741 (41.3%) | 4644 (40.5%) | 4276 (40.3%) | 4127 (38.9%) | 4218 (39.4%) |
| Some professional qualifications | 297 (2.6%) | 301 (2.6%) | 309 (2.7%) | 172 (1.6%) | 197 (1.9%) | 175 (1.6%) |
| Secondary education | 6160 (53.8%) | 6115 (53.3%) | 6190 (54.0%) | 5679 (53.6%) | 5793 (54.6%) | 5820 (54.3%) |
| Others | 337 (2.9%) | 294 (2.6%) | 290 (2.5%) | 437 (4.1%) | 457 (4.3%) | 466 (4.3%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 24 (0.2%) | 25 (0.2%) | 30 (0.3%) | 37 (0.3%) | 33 (0.3%) | 38 (0.4%) |
| Age at menarche, n (%) | ||||||
| <12 years of age | 1970 (17.2%) | 1953 (17.0%) | 1983 (17.3%) | -- | -- | -- |
| 12 to 13 years of age | 5054 (44.2%) | 5088 (44.3%) | 5015 (43.7%) | -- | -- | -- |
| ≥14 years of age | 4168 (36.4%) | 4167 (36.3%) | 4184 (36.5%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Prefer not to answer or do not know | 252 (2.2%) | 268 (2.3%) | 281 (2.5%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Parity, n (%) | ||||||
| Nulliparous | 3027 (26.5%) | 3057 (26.6%) | 3112 (27.1%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Parous | 8414 (73.5%) | 8417 (73.3%) | 8347 (72.8%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Prefer not to answer or do not know | 3 (0.0%) | 2 (0.0%) | 4 (0.0%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Age at first live birth, n (%) | ||||||
| <25 years of age | 1981 (17.3%) | 2054 (17.9%) | 1955 (17.1%) | -- | -- | -- |
| 25 to 29 years of age | 2543 (22.2%) | 2543 (22.2%) | 2512 (21.9%) | -- | -- | -- |
| ≥30 years of age | 2090 (18.3%) | 2056 (17.9%) | 2074 (18.1%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Prefer not to answer or do not know | 4830 (42.2%) | 4823 (42.0%) | 4922 (42.9%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Oral contraceptive use, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 10504 (91.8%) | 10573 (92.1%) | 10560 (92.1%) | -- | -- | -- |
| No | 925 (8.1%) | 894 (7.8%) | 895 (7.8%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Prefer not to answer or do not know | 15 (0.1%) | 9 (0.1%) | 8 (0.1%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy use, n (%) | ||||||
| Postmenopausal (with hormone replacement therapy) | 258 (2.3%) | 272 (2.4%) | 254 (2.2%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Postmenopausal (without hormone replacement therapy) | 508 (4.4%) | 514 (4.5%) | 476 (4.2%) | — | — | — |
| Premenopausal | 10663 (93.2%) | 10673 (93.0%) | 10715 (93.5%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Prefer not to answer or do not know | 15 (0.1%) | 17 (0.1%) | 18 (0.2%) | -- | -- | -- |
| History of mammograms, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 2831 (24.7%) | 2920 (25.4%) | 3134 (27.3%) | -- | -- | -- |
| No | 8575 (74.9%) | 8523 (74.3%) | 8287 (72.3%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Prefer not to answer or do not know | 38 (0.3%) | 33 (0.3%) | 42 (0.4%) | -- | -- | -- |
Abbreviations: PRS, polygenic risk score; HLS, health-associated lifestyle score; SD, standard deviation.
a
Characteristics of eligible female participants.
b
Mean (SD) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.
c
Met the guidelines of 150 minutes of moderate activity per week or 75 minutes of vigorous activity (or an equivalent combination).