Figure 1. Workflow of this study.
The Japanese Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Examination (JBOSE) included text-based and image-based questions. A few questions were officially excluded after the examination because of their incompleteness. GPT-4V enables bimodal input through both text and images. The 33rd, 34th, and 35th are ordinal numbers in exams, and they were conducted in 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively.
