Table 2.

Summary Distribution of Observed Utilization Patterns (n=279,019 episodes)

Type of Clinician	No NPT & No Opioid	Opioid, No NPT	NPT No Opioid	NPT & Opioid
MD/DO	64.6	12.2	20.5	2.7
Physician Asst	67.6	10.8	19.1	2.5
Advanced Practice Nurses	65.2	12.6	19.2	2.9

Opioid defined as opioid fill linked to index visit

NPT = nonpharmacologic therapy. defined here specifically to be exercise therapy and/or spinal manipulation based on procedure codes observed on visits within 30 days after index visit