Table 3.

Variation in Clinician Practice Patterns: A. Adjusted percent of cases which received exercise therapy within 30 days of index date

Explanatory Factor	Mean	5th Percentile	25th Percentile	Median	75th Percentile	95th Percentile
Overall	15.8%	0.0%	9.8%	15.8%	22.1%	26.2%
Type of provider
MD/DO	15.2%	0.0%	8.4%	14.0%	20.8%	33.0%
Physician Assistant	15.0%	2.1%	8.9%	13.7%	19.9%	32.2%
Nurse Practitioner	16.0%	0.0%	8.4%	15.2%	21.6%	35.1%
Fiscal Year of index visit
2011	13.5%	0.0%	0.0%	9.4%	19.6%	43.0%
2012	12.5%	0.0%	0.0%	8.5%	18.6%	41.0%
2013	13.9%	0.0%	0.0%	10.2%	20.8%	43.9%
2014	15.0%	0.0%	0.0%	11.9%	22.1%	45.1%
2015	16.7%	0.0%	0.0%	13.8%	24.7%	48.6%
2016	19.7%	0.0%	0.0%	16.6%	28.3%	54.9%
Physical therapist FTE / 100,000 beneficiaries
Low (0–2.43)	11.8%	0.0%	5.9%	10.5%	16.8%	25.9%
Medium (2.4301–5.00)	14.5%	1.0%	8.2%	13.6%	19.7%	31.2%
High (5.0001–9.67)	16.1%	1.4%	9.6%	14.8%	20.9%	33.5%
Very High (9.6701 +)	16.1%	0.0%	9.1%	14.8%	21.7%	34.6%
Doctor of Chiropractic FTE / 100,000 beneficiaries
Low (.00 – .25)	14.0%	0.0%	7.2%	12.6%	19.2%	32.4%
Middle (.25–.55)	13.6%	0.0%	7.3%	12.3%	18.8%	30.1%
High (.55 – 1.37)	15.8%	1.8%	8.9%	14.6%	21.1%	33.5%
Very High (1.37+)	16.9%	3.5%	10.2%	15.8%	22.1%	34.4%
B. Adjusted percent of cases which received spinal manipulation within 30 days of index date
Explanatory Factor	Mean	5th Percentile	25th Percentile	Median	75th Percentile	95th Percentile
Overall	10.2%	0.0%	3.3%	8.5%	15.8%	22.9%
Type of provider
MD/DO	11.8%	0.0%	3.0%	8.5%	16.5%	35.9%
Physician Assistant	10.3%	0.0%	3.7%	8.1%	14.7%	28.7%
Nurse Practitioner	9.5%	0.0%	2.5%	7.3%	14.1%	27.6%
Fiscal Year of index visit
2011	10.7%	0.0%	0.0%	3.4%	14.6%	45.1%
2012	9.4%	0.0%	0.0%	1.7%	13.4%	38.3%
2013	10.6%	0.0%	0.0%	3.0%	15.2%	42.0%
2014	11.1%	0.0%	0.0%	4.3%	17.1%	41.1%
2015	11.9%	0.0%	0.0%	5.3%	18.0%	43.3%
2016	11.7%	0.0%	0.0%	3.8%	17.6%	47.4%
Physical therapist FTE / 100,000 beneficiaries
Low (0–2.43)	6.6%	0.0%	0.0%	5.0%	9.0%	20.4%
Medium (2.4301–5.00)	9.0%	0.0%	2.3%	6.5%	12.8%	28.1%
High (5.001–9.67)	13.7%	0.0%	5.9%	11.4%	19.2%	33.6%
Very High (9.671 +)	11.2%	0.0%	3.1%	8.6%	16.1%	32.9%
Doctor of Chiropractic FTE / 100,000 beneficiaries
Low (.00 – .25)	9.2%	0.0%	1.6%	6.8%	12.2%	27.8%
Middle (.25–.55)	7.0%	0.0%	0.0%	5.1%	9.8%	23.0%
High (.55 – 1.37)	11.8%	0.0%	5.2%	9.9%	16.2%	30.8%
Very High (1.37+)	14.1%	0.0%	5.6%	11.5%	20.1%	35.9%
C. Estimated percent of cases received opioid prescription at index visit
Explanatory Factor	Mean	5th Percentile	25th Percentile	Median	75th Percentile	95th Percentile
Overall	11.6%	0.0%	4.4%	10.3%	18.2%	24.2%
Type of provider
MD/DO	11.6%	0.0%	4.1%	9.1%	16.3%	32.8%
Physician Assistant	10.9%	0.0%	3.3%	7.7%	14.7%	34.2%
Nurse Practitioner	13.4%	0.0%	5.1%	10.5%	18.6%	36.0%
Fiscal Year of index visit
2011	13.2%	0.0%	0.0%	7.7%	19.4%	45.8%
2012	13.6%	0.0%	0.0%	7.0%	19.5%	52.2%
2013	13.1%	0.0%	0.0%	7.0%	19.0%	49.9%
2014	12.3%	0.0%	0.0%	6.0%	17.9%	45.9%
2015	10.7%	0.0%	0.0%	4.5%	15.4%	43.0%
2016	9.7%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	13.0%	43.7%
Physical therapist FTE / 100,000 beneficiaries
Low (0–2.43)	11.5%	0.0%	3.6%	9.3%	16.5%	32.7%
Medium (2.4301–5.00)	11.4%	0.0%	3.9%	8.6%	16.2%	32.3%
High (5.001–9.67)	11.3%	0.0%	3.8%	8.0%	15.4%	35.4%
Very High (9.671 +)	11.9%	0.0%	3.7%	9.1%	16.8%	33.7%
Doctor of Chiropractic FTE / 100,000 beneficiaries
Low (.00 – .25)	12.6%	0.0%	4.4%	10.0%	18.2%	35.5%
Middle (.25–.55)	10.6%	0.0%	3.2%	8.1%	14.9%	31.5%
High (.55 – 1.37)	12.1%	0.0%	4.3%	9.2%	16.8%	36.3%
Very High (1.37+)	11.1%	0.0%	3.6%	8.2%	15.3%	31.7%

Note: Overall and type of provider analysis based on sample size of 4,302 clinicians (in italics). All other analysis based on physician-fiscal year data (n=15,542); hence percentile values may reflect more outliers than provider analysis. Adjustment percent of cases is based on regression models using gender and medically based indicators as adjustors.

Mean reliability for provider level estimates of exercise therapy is .739

Mean reliability for provider estimates of spinal manipulation is .666

Mean reliability for provider estimates of opioid at first visit is .815