Table 5.

Association of factors with adjusted clinician therapy and opioid prescribing rates

	Model Dependent Variables: clinician choice of therapy
a. Independent variables	Exercise Therapy within 30 days			Spinal Manipulation within 30 days			Opioid prescrip. at initial SP visit
	Estimate	Std Err	T value	Estimate	Std Err	T value	Estimate	Std Err	T value
Clinician type
Physician (reference group)
Physician Assistant	0.0012	0.0035	0.34	−0.0056	0.0033	−1.71	−0.0073	0.0035	−2.11
Adv Practice Nurse	0.0032	0.0045	0.70	−0.0180	0.0043	−4.16	0.0138	0.0046	3.02
Physical Therapist availability group									.
Very high (reference)
High	−0.0014	0.0043	0.33	0.0199	0.0038	5.20	0.0202	0.0041	4.88
Medium	−0.0161	0.0050	−3.24	0.0041	0.0044	0.94	0.0237	0.0047	4.99
Low	−0.0338	0.0048	−6.97	−0.0075	0.0043	−1.73	0.0153	0.0047	3.29
Doctors of Chiropractor availability group
Very High (reference)
High	−0.0015	0.0046	−0.33	−0.0199	0.0041	−4.87	−0.0008	0.0044	−0.19
Medium	−0.0085	0.0052	−1.62	−0.0534	0.0046	−10.64	−0.0084	0.0049	−1.69
Low	−0.0182	0.0042	−4.30	−0.0405	0.0038	−11.65	0.019.	0.0041	4.55
b. Independent variables	Exercise Therapy within 30 days			Spinal Manip. within 30 days			Opioid prescrip. at initial BP visit
	Estimate	Std Err	T value	Estimate	Std Err	T value	Estimate	Std Err	T value
Fiscal Year
2011	−0.0598	0.0052	−11.51	−0.0111	0.0045	−2.49	0.0357	0.0048	7.40
2012	−0.0712	0.0050	−14.15	−0.0238	0.0043	−5.50	0.0408	0.0047	8.72
2013	−0.0564	0.0050	−11.34	−0.0127	0.0043	−2.99	0.0357	0.0046	7.74
2014	−0.0469	0.0050	−9.43	−0.0076	0.0042	1.79	0.0269	0.0046	5.86
2015	−0.0312	0.0050	−6.25	−0.0014	0.0042	0.34	0.0112	0.0046	2.43
2016 (reference group)

Bolded results were significant at the p<0.01 level

Notes: Two model specifications were estimated, with different independent variables: (a) clinician type, physical therapist availability group, and chiropractor availability group; (b) fiscal year. The rates estimated were adjusted for age group, and indicator variables for mental health and pain morbidities and indicators for invasive surgery, hospitalization, emergency department visit, and opioid prescription fill identified in the 90 days prior to the index visit.