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Multiple pathogenic factors trigger structural alterations of a) healthy airways resulting in b) airway remodelling. Epithelial cytokines can play diverse, yet often overlapping, roles in airway remodelling in asthma. ASM: airway smooth muscle; EMT: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; IL: interleukin; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; TGF: transforming growth factor; TSLP: thymic stromal lymphopoietin.
