Table 1 -.
Descriptive statistics stratified by MAP percentile group.
| All Patients | < 5th | 5th - 24th | 25th - 49th | 50th - 74th | 75th - 94th | ≥ 95th | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Demographic (N) | 787 | 292 | 221 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 1.5 (0.40, 7.6) | 1.9 (0.40, 8.5) | 0.9 (0.3, 5.6) | 0.7 (0.30, 3.42) | 1.6 (0.4, 9.1) | 4.1 (0.8, 9.4) | 5.3 (0.6, 10.8) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 328 (41.7%) | 129 (44.2%) | 87 (39.4%) | 43 (41.3%) | 29 (33.3%) | 24 (44.4%) | 16 (55.2%) | 0.300 |
| Race (N) | 787 | 292 | 221 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| Asian | 32 (4.1%) | 13 (4.5%) | 6 (2.7%) | 1 (1.0%) | 7 (8.0%) | 3 (5.6%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.097 |
| Black | 127 (16.1%) | 57 (19.5%) | 36 (16.3%) | 13 (12.5%) | 13 (14.9%) | 5 (9.3%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.337 |
| Native American | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.654 |
| White | 381 (48.4%) | 141 (48.3%) | 114 (51.6%) | 51 (49.0%) | 40 (46.0%) | 19 (35.2%) | 16 (55.2%) | 0.366 |
| Other | 78 (9.9%) | 24 (8.2%) | 19 (8.6%) | 10 (9.6%) | 11 (12.6%) | 11 (20.4%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.145 |
| Unknown/Not Documented | 167 (21.2%) | 56 (19.2%) | 46 (20.8%) | 28 (26.9%) | 16 (18.4%) | 16 (29.6%) | 5 (17.2%) | 0.345 |
| Height (N) | 630 | 245 | 177 | 86 | 67 | 39 | 16 | |
| Height, cm, median (IQR) | 71.0 (55.1, 113.0) | 77.0 (55.1, 121.3) | 68.0 (54.0, 101.5) | 65.0 (54.0, 91.1) | 78.0 (56.0, 129.5) | 99.0 (66.0, 121.0) | 71.0 (54.3, 129.8) | 0.007 |
| Weight (N) | 786 | 292 | 220 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| Weight, kg, median (IQR) | 10.3 (5.4, 25.0) | 11.5 (5.7, 26.1) | 8.5 (4.8, 21.8) | 7.8 (4.9, 15.0) | 12.5 (5.4, 30.0) | 17.6 (8.5, 30.5) | 21.7 (8.0, 38.7) | < 0.001 |
| Pre-Existing Conditions (N) | 787 | 292 | 221 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| Genetic/Metabolic | 234 (29.7%) | 99 (33.9%) | 66 (29.9%) | 25 (24.0%) | 23 (26.4%) | 12 (22.2%) | 9 (31.0%) | 0.309 |
| Congenital Heart | 257 (32.7%) | 93 (31.8%) | 93 (42.1%) | 40 (38.5%) | 20 (23.0%) | 8 (14.8%) | 3 (10.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Lung / Airway | 405 (51.5%) | 171 (58.6%) | 114 (51.6%) | 48 (46.2%) | 44 (50.6%) | 18 (33.3%) | 10 (34.5%) | 0.003 |
| Hematologic/Oncologic/Immune Compromise | 41 (5.2%) | 19 (6.5%) | 11 (5.0%) | 3 (2.9%) | 3 (3.4%) | 4 (7.4%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.676 |
| Neurologic | 28 (3.6%) | 6 (2.1%) | 6 (2.7%) | 3 (2.9%) | 4 (4.6%) | 6 (11.1%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.013 |
| Renal | 81 (10.3%) | 44 (15.1%) | 17 (7.7%) | 4 (3.8%) | 11 (12.6%) | 3 (5.6%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.009 |
| Other Heart Disease | 79 (10.0%) | 44 (15.1%%) | 17 (7.7%) | 7 (6.7%) | 4 (4.6%) | 5 (9.3%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.022 |
| Other | 342 (43.5%) | 143 (40.9%) | 89 (40.3%) | 41 (39.4%) | 38 (43.7%) | 19 (35.2%) | 12 (41.4%) | 0.239 |
| Illness Category (N) | 625 | 248 | 190 | 83 | 65 | 26 | 4 | |
| Medical, Cardiac | 117 (18.7%) | 42 (16.9%) | 39 (20.5%) | 17 (20.5%) | 7 (10.8%) | 8 (30.8%) | 4 (30.8%) | 0.156 |
| Medical, Non-Cardiac | 292 (46.7%) | 126 (50.8%) | 74 (38.9%) | 33 (39.8%) | 37 (56.9%) | 15 (57.7%) | 7 (53.8%) | 0.032 |
| Surgical, Cardiac | 128 (20.5%) | 46 (18.5%) | 50 (26.3%) | 20 (24.1%) | 11 (16.9%) | 1 (3.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.015 |
| Surgical, Non-Cardiac | 64 (10.2%) | 23 (9.3%) | 21 (11.1%) | 10 (12.0%) | 8 (12.3%) | 2 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.834 |
| Trauma | 24 (3.8%) | 11 (4.4%) | 6 (3.2%) | 3 (3.6%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0.374 |
| PCPC Score Before Cardiac Arrest (N) | 689 | 249 | 190 | 94 | 77 | 51 | 28 | |
| 1 | 449 (65.2%) | 155 (62.2%) | 130 (68.4%) | 67 (71.3%) | 50 (64.9%) | 27 (52.9%) | 20 (71.4%) | 0.206 |
| 2 | 93 (13.5%) | 37 (14.9%) | 22 (11.6%) | 13 (13.8%) | 9 (11.7%) | 8 (15.7%) | 4 (14.3%) | 0.907 |
| 3 | 61 (8.9%) | 22 (8.8%) | 17 (8.9%) | 9 (9.6%) | 5 (6.5%) | 6 (11.8%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.943 |
| 4 | 77 (11.2%) | 32 (12.9%) | 16 (8.4%) | 5 (5.3%) | 13 (16.9%) | 9 (17.6%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.056 |
| 5 | 8 (1.2%) | 2 (0.8%) | 5 (2.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.317 |
| 6 | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
| Interventions In-Place Prior to Cardiac Arrest (N) | 787 | 292 | 221 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| Assisted/Mechanical Ventilation | 336 (42.7%) | 141 (48.3%) | 100 (45.2%) | 43 (41.3%) | 30 (34.5%) | 16 (29.6%) | 6 (20.7%) | 0.006 |
| Conscious/Procedural Sedation | 110 (14.0%) | 43 (14.7%) | 35 (15.8%) | 15 (14.4%) | 10 (11.5%) | 5 (9.3%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.705 |
| Dialysis | 18 (2.3%) | 12 (4.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | 2 (1.9%) | 2 (2.3%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.120 |
| ECG | 399 (50.7%) | 160 (54.8%) | 127 (57.5%) | 53 (51.0%) | 37 (42.5%) | 14 (25.9%) | 8 (27.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator (ICD) | 2 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.6%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.011 |
| Arterial Line | 207 (26.3%) | 75 (25.7%) | 78 (35.3%) | 25 (24.0%) | 18 (20.7%) | 8 (14.8%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.002 |
| Endotracheal Tube/Tracheostomy | 377 (47.9%) | 154 (52.7%) | 121 (54.8%) | 45 (43.3%) | 36 (41.4%) | 15 (27.8%) | 6 (20.7%) | < 0.001 |
| IV/IO Infusion of Antiarrhythmics | 59 (7.5%) | 27 (9.2%) | 15 (6.8%) | 4 (3.8%) | 7 (8.0%) | 4 (7.4%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.621 |
| Pulse Oximetry | 525 (66.7%) | 218 (74.7%) | 162 (73.3%) | 63 (60.6%) | 55 (63.2%) | 18 (33.3%) | 9 (31.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Supplemental Oxygen | 376 (47.8%) | 160 (54.8%) | 120 (54.3%) | 45 (43.3%) | 34 (39.1%) | 12 (22.2%) | 5 (17.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 62 (7.9%) | 22 (7.5%) | 23 (10.4%) | 11 (10.6%) | 6 (6.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.040 |
| Characteristics of CPR Event Location (N) | 787 | 292 | 221 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| In-Hospital | 625 (79.4%) | 248 (84.9%) | 190 (86.0%) | 83 (79.8%) | 65 (74.7%) | 26 (48.1%) | 13 (44.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Out-of-Hospital, Witnessed | 73 (9.3%) | 19 (6.5%) | 13 (5.9%) | 9 (8.7%) | 10 (11.5%) | 16 (29.6%) | 6 (20.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Out-of-Hospital, Not Witnessed | 88 (11.2%) | 25 (8.6%) | 18 (8.1%) | 11 (10.6%) | 12 (13.8%) | 12 (22.2%) | 10 (34.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Location of In-Hospital Arrests (N) | 625 | 248 | 190 | 83 | 65 | 26 | 13 | |
| ED | 32 (5.1%) | 15 (6.0%) | 2 (1.1%) | 6 (7.2%) | 3 (4.6%) | 5 (19.2%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.002 |
| PICU | 366 (58.6%) | 155 (62.5%) | 111 (58.4%) | 42 (50.6%) | 40 (61.5%) | 12 (46.2%) | 6 (46.2%) | 0.265 |
| CICU | 115 (18.4%) | 47 (19.0%) | 39 (20.5%) | 15 (18.1%) | 9 (13.8%) | 3 (11.5%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0.841 |
| NICU | 15 (2.4%) | 8 (3.2%) | 2 (1.1%) | 4 (4.8%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.419 |
| PACU | 3 (0.5%) | 2 (0.8%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0% | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
| Other | 94 (15.0%) | 35 (18.4%) | 16 (19.3%) | 12 (18.5%) | 6 (23.1%) | 4 (30.8%) | 94 (15.0%) | 0.003 |
| Characteristics of CPR Event Time (N) | 692 | 270 | 201 | 90 | 72 | 38 | 21 | |
| Weekend/Night Arrest | 339 (49.0%) | 137 (50.7%) | 90 (44.8%) | 44 (48.9%) | 35 (48.6%) | 22 (57.9%) | 11 (52.4%) | 0.693 |
| Duration of Resuscitation (N) | 779 | 287 | 221 | 103 | 87 | 52 | 29 | |
| Duration, Minutes, Median (IQR) | 7.0 (3.0, 16.0) | 7.0 (4.0, 17.0) | 6.0 (3.0, 12.5) | 6.0 (3.0, 13.0) | 7.0 (3.0, 18.0) | 15.0 (5.0, 23.8) | 10.0 (5.0, 20.5) | 0.002 |
| Defibrillation Status (N) | 787 | 292 | 221 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| Any Defibrillation | 100 (12.7%) | 37 (12.7%) | 28 (12.7%) | 13 (12.5%) | 15 (17.2%) | 6 (11.1%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.578 |
| Shockable Rhythm | 100 (12.7%) | 32 (11.0%) | 37 (16.7%) | 11 (10.6%) | 12 (13.8%) | 6 (11.1%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.406 |
| Medications Administered During CPR Event (N) | 787 | 292 | 221 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| None | 21 (2.7%) | 5 (1.7%) | 7 (3.2%) | 3 (2.9%) | 2 (2.3%) | 3 (5.6%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.514 |
| Amiodarone | 20 (2.5%) | 6 (2.1%) | 8 (3.6%) | 3 (2.9%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.775 |
| Atropine | 63 (8.0%) | 27 (9.2%) | 23 (10.4%) | 7 (6.7%) | 3 (3.4%) | 1 (1.9%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.159 |
| Calcium | 177 (22.5%) | 80 (27.4%) | 55 (24.9%) | 15 (14.4%) | 15 (17.2%) | 8 (14.8%) | 4 (13.8%) | 0.022 |
| Epinephrine - 1 Dose | 206 (26.2%) | 83 (28.4%) | 62 (28.1%) | 29 (27.9%) | 20 (23.0%) | 8 (14.8%) | 4 (13.8%) | 0.174 |
| Epinephrine - 2–4 Doses | 298 (37.9%) | 124 (42.5%) | 86 (38.9%) | 33 (31.7%) | 27 (31.0%) | 19 (35.2%) | 9 (31.0%) | 0.232 |
| Epinephrine - 5 + Doses | 124 (15.8%) | 50 (17.1%) | 27 (12.2%) | 15 (14.4%) | 17 (19.5%) | 10 (18.5%) | 5 (17.2%) | 0.514 |
| Fluid Bolus | 163 (20.7%) | 68 (23.3%) | 42 (19.0%) | 14 (13.5%) | 21 (24.1%) | 11 (20.4%) | 7 (24.1%) | 0.334 |
| Inhaled Nitric Oxide | 15 (1.9%) | 8 (2.7%) | 4 (1.8%) | 2 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.750 |
| Lidocaine | 13 (1.7%) | 5 (1.7%) | 6 (2.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.287 |
| Magnesium Sulfate | 26 (3.3%) | 10 (3.4%) | 9 (4.1%) | 1 (1.0%) | 2 (2.3%) | 2 (3.7%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.500 |
| Other Vasopressors | 25 (3.2%) | 12 (4.1%) | 7 (3.2%) | 1 (1.0%) | 2 (2.3%) | 1 (1.9%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.483 |
| Sodium Bicarbonate | 200 (25.4%) | 88 (30.1%) | 54 (24.4%) | 22 (21.2%) | 20 (23.0%) | 10 (18.5%) | 6 (20.7%) | 0.260 |
| Vasopressin | 10 (1.3%) | 4 (1.4%) | 1 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.3%) | 1 (1.9%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.063 |
| Other | 238 (30.2%) | 78 (26.7%) | 59 (26.7%) | 34 (32.7%) | 32 (36.8%) | 20 (37.0%) | 15 (51.7%) | 0.027 |
| Non-Drug Interventions During CPR Event (N) | 787 | 292 | 221 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| None | 401 (51.0%) | 152 (52.1%) | 121 (54.8%) | 53 (51.0%) | 44 (50.6%) | 20 (37.0%) | 11 (37.9%) | 0.182 |
| Chest Tube | 26 (3.3%) | 12 (4.1%) | 8 (3.6%) | 2 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.103 |
| Needle Thoracostomy | 14 (1.8%) | 8 (2.7%) | 4 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.400 |
| Transcutaneous Pacemaker | 8 (1.0%) | 6 (2.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.054 |
| Transvenous Pacemaker | 10 (1.3%) | 3 (1.0%) | 5 (2.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.491 |
| Pericardiocentesis | 2 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.474 |
| Intubation | 264 (33.5%) | 92 (31.5%) | 65 (29.4%) | 37 (35.6%) | 30 (34.5%) | 26 (48.1%) | 14 (48.3%) | 0.063 |
| Other | 129 (16.4%) | 44 (15.1%) | 38(17.2%) | 14 (13.5%) | 17 (19.5%) | 11 (20.4%) | 5 (17.2%) | 0.762 |
| Post-ROSC Vasopressor Utilization (N) | 787 | 292 | 221 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| Vasopressor Use | 361 (45.9%) | 172 (58.9%) | 103 (46.6%) | 38 (36.5%) | 28 (32.2%) | 14 (25.9%) | 6 (20.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressor Score, median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0, 15.0) | 5.0 (0.0, 28.7) | 0.0 (0.0, 14.5) | 0.0 (0.0, 8.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 4.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.3) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | < 0.001 |
| PCPC Score At Hospital Discharge (N) | 787 | 292 | 221 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| 1 | 253 (32.1%) | 68 (23.3%) | 84 (38.0%) | 48 (46.2%) | 31 (35.6%) | 15 (27.8%) | 7 (24.1%) | |
| 2 | 105 (13.3%) | 36 (12.3%) | 37 (16.7%) | 14 (13.5%) | 12 (13.8%) | 5 (9.3%) | 1 (3.4%) | |
| 3 | 52 (6.6%) | 22 (7.5%) | 11 (5.0%) | 7 (6.7%) | 5 (5.7%) | 3 (5.6%) | 4 (13.8%) | |
| 4 | 53 (6.7%) | 20 (6.8%) | 12 (5.4%) | 5 (4.8%) | 8 (9.2%) | 7 (13.0%) | 1 (3.4%) | |
| 5 | 3 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Deaths | 321 (40.8%) | 146 (50.0%) | 75 (33.9%) | 30 (28.8%) | 30 (34.5%) | 24 (44.4%) | 16 (55.2%) | |
| Neurologic Outcome (N) | 787 | 292 | 221 | 104 | 87 | 54 | 29 | |
| Favorable | 424 (53.8%) | 128 (43.8%) | 137 (61.9%) | 69 (66.3%) | 52 (59.8%) | 26 (48.1%) | 12 (41.4%) | |