Table 2.
Representative nanoprobes for imaging of inflammation in 2021-2024.
| Imaging modality | Nanoprobe | Inflammation | Route | Advantages | Disadvantages | Year | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FI | QMT-CBT | AD | I.V. | Enhanced fluorescence (AIE signal); Turn on and near-infrared imaging; Reduced autofluorescence interference |
Limited stability and biocompatibility; Low clinical applicability |
2023 | [162 |
| Ir-CBM | Epilepsy | I.V. | Two-photon excitation; Ratiometric luminescence; Long-lived emission; High selectivity; Low cytotoxicity in vivo |
Limited tissue penetration depth; Micellar environment restrictions |
2023 | 163 | |
| PCN-NP-HPZ | AS | I.V. | Simultaneous sensing and imaging of pH and phosphorylation; High-resolution images |
Potential toxicity; Limited specificity |
2023 | 164 | |
| PAI | 1-PAIN | Liver inflammation | I.V. | Deep tissue penetration Real-time monitoring; High selectivity and low background; High biocompatibility |
Relatively low PA signal; Endogenous •OH and H2S interference | 2022 | 104 |
| PA nanoagent | RA | I.V. | Deep tissue penetration High sensitivity and selectivity; Monitoring the therapeutic process; Enhance the PA conversion efficiency |
Potential toxicity; Interference from other factors; Potential toxicity | 2024 | 165 | |
| L-CRP | AS | I.V. | High selectivity; Deep tissue penetration |
Limited biodegradability | 2023 | 166 | |
| MRI | TMSN@PM | Inflammation | I.V. | High selectivity; Non-invasive imaging; Real-time monitoring |
Potential toxicity; Limited resolution and contrast |
2022 | [167 |
| CT | PIDA nanofibers | IBD | Oral | Good compliance; Reduced scan time (within 2 h); Theranostics |
Invasiveness; Limited penetration depth; Low spatial resolution |
2023 | 168 |
| Exitron nano 12000 | Abdominal aortic aneurysm | I.V. | Quantification of inflammation; Improved targeting and specificity |
Invasiveness; Limited resolution and contrast |
2021 | 138 | |
| FI & PAI | QY-SN-H2O2 | IBD | Oral | Good compliance; High-resolution; Deep-penetration; ROS-responsiveness; Non-invasiveness |
Limited stability and biocompatibilityy; Potential toxicity |
2022 | 169 |
| FI & PAI | MPN@CeOx | UC | Oral | Good compliance; ROS-responsiveness; Intestinal inflammation accumulation; Deep-penetration; |
Potential toxicity (metal components) | 2023 | 170 |
| CT & MRI | BM@EP | UC | Oral | Good compliance; Colon-targeted delivery and controlled release; Quantitative and dynamic imaging; Improved accuracy and sensitivity |
Limited stability and biocompatibility; Complexity for the synthesis |
2022 | 171 |