Summary of key parameters and details of integrated platforms discussed within this review. “—” indicates that the given parameter is not detailed within the given report. “N/A” indicates that the given parameter is not relevant to the given report.

Target cells	Isolation method	Detection method	Detection limit	Flow rate	Blood pre-processing; duration	Volume	Capture efficiency	Purity	Other notes	Surface antigen targeted	Ref.
MDA-MB-231	Variance in pressure required to initiate cavitation	High speed camera and pressure gauge	50 cells per mL culture medium suppl. with Jurkat cells	—	>40 minutes for RBC lysis; detection “within minutes”	—	—	—	—	N/A	158
- Breast cancer
H1975	Dislocation herringbone μF geometry, immobilised anti-EpCAM Ab	IF (CK 18+/CD45−)	5 cells per mL whole blood	20 μL min−1 for cells spiked in blood optimized flow rate	No blood pre-processing; 5 hours per sample	—	H1975 87%, A549 78%, H460 72%	99.6%	—	EpCAM	116
A549
H460
- Lung cancer
A549	Off-chip incubation with anti-EpCAM MNPs, μF on-chip magnetic capture	UCL imaging	10 cells/2 mL PBS	1 mL h−1 optimized flow rate	RBC lysis and 2 h incubation with anti-EpCAM MNPs; not detailed	0.5 mL spiked whole blood, 5 mL patient blood sample	>80%	—	80% release efficiency; released cells could be cultured for 7 days	EpCAM	118
- Lung cancer
VcaP	Immuno-modified MNPs, hydrodynamic separation on chip	EChem oxidation of redox-active secondary Ab, IF validation	2 cells per mL whole blood	—	20 min incubation with anti-EpCAM MNPs; ∼3 h to pump sample through, signal read out 1 min per sample, ∼1.5 h for IF	—	85%	Average capture of ∼80 WBCs	—	EpCAM	117
- Prostate cancer
MCF-7	Hydrodynamic μF cell sorter with size exclusion membrane filter	Single-cell western blotting	23 cells/2 mL whole blood	1.4 mL min−1	10 min RBC lysis, 15 min washing; not detailed	7.5 mL blood sample	87–98.5%	89.92%	Analysis of EMT in CTCs isolated from patient samples	N/A	41
- Breast cancer
A459
- Lung cancer
HeLa
-Cervical cancer
MCF-7	Antibody functionalised electrodes	EIS, IF validation	100 cells per mL PBS	—	RBC lysis; not detailed	—	—	—	—	EpCAM, CD36	112
- Breast cancer
SK-MEL-2	Abs on PANI modified carbon SPEs	EChem reduction of solution redox probe	1 cell/1 mL PBS suppl. with human cells	1.5 mL min−1	Not detailed; not detailed	—	—	—	—	MCR1	114
- Skin cancer
A549	Off-chip incubation with daunomycin, AC field isolation on μF chip	EChem oxidation of daunomycin	7 cells per mL whole blood	5 μL min−1 for 5 minutes followed by 2.5 μL min−1	40 min (30 min incubation with daunomycin, 5 min centrifuge); not detailed	1 mL of whole blood	Average of 95+–1.5%	92+–0.5%	—	N/A	54
- Lung cancer
MDA-MB-231
- Breast cancer
HeLa
-Cervical cancer
MCF-7	Off-chip incubation with immuno-modified magnetic beads, on-chip application of magnetic field	IF (CD45−/HER2+/Hoechst 33 342+)	10 cells/2 mL whole blood	Optimal flow rate 90 μL min−1 for spiking and 1 μL min−1 for patient samples	Dilution of whole blood, incubation with magnetic beads for unknown time; 240 min for entire process	—	93%	—	On-chip cell lysis for subsequent RNA-seq	EpCAM	121
- Breast cancer
H446	Size based sorting in trap channel based on flow resistance	IF (CD45−/CK+/DAPI+), additional IF of EpCAM and vimentin	5 cells per suspension of 100 000 WBCS	Optimized injection pressure of 10 mbar	Ficoll-Paque processing; not detailed	—	92–99% depending on WBC count	<80–92% depending on WBC concentration	Achieved release efficiency of >97%	N/A	140
- Small cell lung cancer
H1975
- Non-small cell lung cancer
MCF-7	Size-selective vortex trapping with chip geometry	Deformability cytometry (DC), IF for validation (CK+/CD45−/DAPI+)	300 cells per unknown volume of 10× diluted blood	8 mL min−1	10× dilution of blood in PBS; not detailed	—	25–35%	35.1+–7.3%	98.7+–1.5% of cells transfer from capture to assay region of chip	N/A	138
- Breast cancer
MCF-7	1) Off-chip incubation with anti-EpCAM microbeads	Signal amplification using DNA–Ab conjugates in RIDA	50 cells/1 mL of whole blood	Optimal flow rate of 1–3 mL h−1, 3 mL h−1 used for patient samples	25-Minute centrifugation for WBC separation; not detailed	—	>85%	20–40%	Captured cells proliferated normally in culture	EpCAM	120
- Breast cancer
BxPC-3
-Pancreatic cancer
HeLa	2) Inertial micro-flow system
- Cervical cancer
PANC-1
-Pancreatic cancer
PC3	Dielectrophoresis on-chip	Brightfield microscopy	Not available	Optimal flow rate of 3 μL min−1	Not detailed; not detailed	—	—	—	DEP buffer can have effects on cells' gene expression (>15 min)	N/A	142
- Prostate cancer
MCF-7	Off-chip incubation with Ab-conjugated MNPs, magnetic ranking on-chip (MagRC chip)	IF (DAPI+/CK+/CD45−)	10 cells/1 mL unprocessed blood	600 μL h−1	30 minute incubation with anti-EpCAM nanobeads; not detailed	1 mL of blood used for patient samples	SKBR3 97+–3%, PC-3 90+–2%, MDA-MB-231 90+–3%	—	92% recovery, 98% viable	EpCAM, (plus HER2 and N-cadherin for SKBR3 cells)	115
SKBR3
- Breast cancer
PC3
- Prostate cancer
MDA-MB-231
- Breast cancer (mesenchymal properties)
MDA-MB-231	Off-chip incubation with anti-HER2 MNPs, magnetic ranking on-chip	IF of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)	—	3 mL h−1	No experiments with patient samples conducted	No experiments with patient samples conducted	MDA-MB-231 65.3+–1.6%, BT-474 99.3+–0.4%, SK-BR-3 99.9+–0.1%, MCF-7 92.9+–1.8%	—	—	HER2	122
BT-474
SK-BR-3
MCF-7
- Breast cancer
MCF-7	Size based isolation with CellSieve microfilter	IF (CK8/18/19+, EpCAM+, DAPI+), H&E staining	—	5 mL min−1 for cells spiked in whole blood	No blood pre-processing; not detailed	—	Approx. 90%	>99.9% removal of WBCs from blood sample	Cell lines adhered and grew on the microfilters, 97+–2% release efficiency of MCF-7 cells	N/A	137
MDA-MB-231
SK-BR-3
- Breast cancer
PANC-1
- Pancreatic cancer
A549	Size based isolation with PDMS membrane filter-based microdevice	IF (CK-PE+/CD45-FITC−/DAPI+)	1 cell/1.5 mL of whole blood	Optimized flow rate of 10 mL h−1 for cells spiked in whole blood	No blood pre-processing; not detailed	—	>92% for A549 and SK-MES-1 cells; 99% for H446	—	—	N/A	139
SK-MES-1
H446
- Lung cancer
PC-3	ODEP following IF identification of cells of interest	IF (CD45−/Hoechst+/EpCAM+)	10 cells per mL whole blood	Optimized flow rate of 2.5 μL min−1 for cells spiked in whole blood	No blood pre-processing; not detailed	8 mL of blood for spiking experiments	41.5%	As high as 100%	Detection occurs prior to isolation	N/A	149
- Prostate cancer
SKBR3	SMART-chip; microchannels with immobilized anti-EpCAM Ab	Impedance counting and viability of unlabelled single cells; IF (DAPI+/CD45−/Pan-CK+)	—	—	No blood pre-processing; 3.5 h	2 mL of blood processed for patient samples	>80%; 73% for anti-EpCAM PC linker with SKBR3 cells in whole blood	>85%	Quick (2 min) and efficient (>90%) release of affinity-captured CTCs via photo release with visible blue light	EpCAM	119
- Breast cancer
MCF-7	3D PDMS scaffold with immobilized anti-EpCAM Ab	IF staining (DAPI+/CK+/CD45−)	10 cells/1 mL whole blood	Optimized flow rate of 100 μL min−1 for cells spiked in whole blood	No blood pre-processing; ∼4.5 h	1 mL of whole blood for spiking experiments	Average capture efficiency of 88.4%	—	CTC clusters were also detected and imaged in patient samples	EpCAM	56
- Breast cancer
MCF-7	Raman active nanoprobes (RANs) conjugated to Ab (anti-CD133, anti-EpCAM, anti-HER2, anti-MUC1) with biotinylated dsDNA for isolation	In situ subtyping by Raman barcoding system	—	10 μL min−1	2× dilution with PBS, Ficoll-Paque processing, centrifugation for WBC exclusion, 30 min incubation with RANs; not detailed	4 mL blood for spiking experiments	90%	—	Detects circulating cancer stem cells (CCSCs) as well as CTCs, ability to release captured cells using restriction enzymes	CD133, EpCAM, HER2, MUC1	113
MDA-MB-231
SK-BR-3
- Breast cancer
A549	Windmill-like hole array for size-based isolation	IF staining (DAPI+/CD45−/Ep-CAM+ CTC signature)	<10 cells per mL blood	2 mL min−1	Unspecified pre-treatment and dilution with 10 mL PBS; not detailed	1–3 mL whole blood for patient samples	93% for A549 cells; 90% for HeLa cells	WBC depletion rate of 98.7%	—	N/A	55
- Lung cancer
HeLa
- Cervical cancer
A549	DEP	EIS	3 cells	Flow rate of 1.2 μL min−1	Not detailed; electrical operation ∼10 min	—	Approx. 80%	—	Detection limit achieved at 50 kHz	N/A	146
- Lung cancer
A549	SDAM	FRET (peptide probe for MMP9 enzyme activity)	Single cell	—	Diluted 10 mL blood (blood : PBS = 1 : 1)	5 mL	—	—	Evaluate EMT and cancer metastasis	MMP6 enzyme activity	141
- Lung cancer
HGC-27	IMD composed of a spiral chip (using the DFF technique) and a DLD chip	IF staining (EpCAM, YAP1, HER-2, CD45)	1 cell/10 000 cells	Optimized flow rate of 12 μL min−1	Ascites and peritoneal lavages	N/A	63%	73%		EpCAM	159
- Gastric cancer
SK-MEL28	ac-EHD with antibody modified chip	Raman signature for MCSP, MCAM, ErbB3, and LNGFR (melanoma) and PD-L1 and EGFR (lung cancer)	—	Loaded immediately into the chip with ac-EHD applied for 10 min	PBMCs suspended in 2.0 mL RPMI 2 h	—	60%	N/A		MCSP for melanoma cells	160
- Melanoma
NSCLC										EGFR for lung cancer cells
- Lung cancer
A549	Microporous parylene membrane	Raman intensity	N/A	Dropped onto the micropore membrane for filtration	A549 cells in 100 μL culture medium into 400 μL blood	—	91%	90%	Aptamer probe selected for preferential binding to CTCs	Size based filtration	161
- Lung cancer
SK-BR-3	3D electrode integrated within a microfluidic flow channel	SWV	—	40 μL min−1	Not discussed	—	71%	N/A		EPCAM	163
- Breast cancer