Table 1.
Environmental conditions of the twenty sampling sites and sampling dates.
| Region | Sampling site | Location | Sampling date | Environmental conditions | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Northwestern Pacific | Juehua Island, China (Jueh) | 40°29’58”N, 120°47’11”E | 2019/6/20 | The three study sites are distributed in coastal waters of Huludao City. Huludao Zinc Plant and Bohai Ship Yard about 20–45 km from the sampling sites (Gao et al., 2014). | Huludao |
| Xingcheng, China (Xing) | 40°32’36”N, 120°45’07”E | 2019/6/21 | Huludao | ||
| Xiaohaishan Island, China (Xiao) | 40°23’59”N, 120°36’34”E | 2019/6/22 | Huludao | ||
| Caofeidian, China (Caof) | 39°05’44”N, 118°42’26”E | 2019/6/11 | The study site is surrounded by Caofeidian Port and industrial areas, possibly impacted by terrestrial pollution (Wang et al., 2018). | W. Bohai Sea | |
| Swan Lake, China (Swan) | 37°20’55”N, 122°34’24”E | 2016/5/25 | Protected nature reserve with all anthropogenic activities banned, and there is no heavy industry around the lagoon (Xu et al., 2018). | Rongcheng | |
| Qingyutan, China (Qingy) | 37°09’54”N, 122°34’24”E | 2021/1/18 | The three study sites are distributed in the Ailian Bay, which is a coastal embayment with an area of 5.56 km2 in Rongcheng City, Shandong Peninsula, northern China (Xu et al., 2021b). Z. marina was collected from two abandoned sea cucumber aquaculture ponds in Qingyutan and Wawushi, and one pond in use of Nanwodao. | Rongcheng | |
| Nanwodao, China (Nanw) | 37°11’07”N, 122°35’37”E | 2021/1/18 | Rongcheng | ||
| Wawushi, China (Wawu) | 37°11’36”N, 122°37’21”E | 2021/1/18 | Rongcheng | ||
| Qingdao Bay, China (Qingd) | 36°03’35”N, 120°18’57”E | 2020/6/5 | Qingdao Bay, a tourist attraction, is an urban area with no direct industrial inputs. There are some sewage outlets and tourism ships in Qingdao Bay (Xu et al., 2022). | Rongcheng | |
| Xidatan, China (Xida) | 39°13’39”N, 122°41’51”E | 2019/5/17 | The region, surrounded by aquacultural business, is industrial underdevelopment with low terrestrial emissions, and most of the factories along the coasts are mainly related to aquaculture. The Z. marina samples were collected from the open bay. Samples collected from sea cucumber mariculture ponds. |
ChangShan | |
| Linyang Bay, China (Liny) | 39°16’41”N, 122°35’46”E | 2019/5/19 | ChangShan | ||
| Haxian Island, China (Haxi) | 39°14’02”N, 122°31’11”E | 2019/5/18 | ChangShan | ||
| Koje Bay, South Korea (Koje) | 34°49’29”N, 128°34’47”E | 2021/2/19 | Koje Bay is an un-polluted area, and no sewage and industrial waste inputs were observed in this area (Lee et al., 2019). | S. Korea | |
| Northeastern Pacific (USA) | Samish Bay, WA (Sami) | 48°36’23”N, 122°29’13”W | 2017/5/23 | Samish Bay has been used to grow non-native Pacific oysters since 1919, and it is undeveloped with no direct industrial inputs. | Washington |
| Padilla Bay, WA (Padi) | 48°28’50”N, 122°28’37”W | 2017/5/23 | The Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve protects one of the largest beds of eelgrass-nearly 8,000 acres. | Washington | |
| Willapa Bay, WA (Willa) | 46°43’40”N, 123°57’06”W | 2017/5/25 | Willapa Bay is the second-largest riverine estuary on the Pacific coast of the continental US with relatively low population density, and there are ports and logging industry present. | Washington | |
| Netarts Bay, OR (Neta) | 45°24’37”N, 123°56’07”W | 2017/5/29 | Netarts Bay is an ocean dominated system with little development in the watershed. | Oregon | |
| Yaquina Bay, OR (Yaqu) | 44°34’51”N, 123°59’41”W | 2017/5/26 | Yaquina Bay has moderate industry and development along the shores but has generally good water quality (Kaldy, 2006). | Oregon | |
| Coos Bay, OR (Coos) | 43°18’53”N, 124°19’09”W | 2017/5/28 | The South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve in Coos Bay, is a protected area with very little development or industry. | Oregon | |
| Humboldt Bay, CA (Humb) | 40°51’29”N, 124°09’27”W | 2017/5/31 | There is relatively little heavy industry in the region surrounding the bay, and there are few sources of toxic metals other than natural mining in the small watershed (Barnhart et al., 1992). | N. Califonria | |