Table 1.
Self‐reported sleep quality/quantity Mean (M), Standard Deviation (SD), and repeated‐measures analyses of variance (F) Scores.
| Baseline M (SD) |
Week 1 M (SD) |
Week 2 M (SD) |
Week 3 M (SD) |
Week 4 M (SD) |
Week 8 M (SD) |
ANOVA F (5) | Partial η 2 omnibus | Partial η 2 posthocs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pittsburg Sleep Quality Indexa | 7.49 (2.88) | 5.46 (2.85) | 5.54 (2.78) | 5.61 (2.84) | 5.14 (2.73) | 4.92 (2.63) | F = 9.35, p ≤ 0.001 | 0.206 | 0.550 |
| Restorative Sleep Questionnairea | 49.77 (16.66) | 59.16 (20.40) | 60.96 (19.50) | 56.17 (18.25) | 63.06 (19.46) | 64.71 (18.49) | F = 7.15, p < 0.001 | 0.270 | 0.518 |
| Berlin Questionnairea | 1.68 (1.75) | 1.14 (1.51) | 1.11 (1.54) | 1.00 (1.39) | 1.08 (1.38) | 1.05 (1.41) | F = 13.33, p < 0.001 | 0.166 | 0.555 |
| ISIa | 12.11 (4.98) | 9.08 (4.00) | 8.30 (4.33) | 8.69 (4.14) | 7.22 (3.66) | 7.05 (4.22) | F = 18.28, p < 0.001 | 0.337 | 0.588 |
| Time to fall asleep (minutes) | 16.76 (19.84) | 13.80 (14.04) | 13.42 (11.52) | 14.91 (14.05) | 15.88 (14.91) | 13.42 (14.82) | F = 1.72, p = 0.127 | 0.009 | 0.040 |
| Number of night awakeningsa | 2.60 (2.19) | 2.01 (1.71) | 2.18 (2.21) | 2.41 (2.44) | 1.91 (1.81) | 2.05 (2.08) | F = 3.05, p = 0.009 | 0.016 | 0.080 |
| Time awake during the night (minutes)a | 49.76 (64.58) | 34.18 (46.35) | 37.17 (52.69) | 38.31 (45.73) | 30.51 (36.36) | 30.75 (37.28) | F = 4.27, p < 0.001 | 0.022 | 0.084 |
| Total sleep time Daily Diary | 7.63 (1.68) | 7.64 (1.67) | 7.92 (2.25) | 8.36 (1.82) | 8.08 (2.48) | 8.10 (2.05) | F = 3.05, p = 0.010 | 0.016 | 0.095 |
Note: Higher scores for Restorative Sleep Questionnaire and Total Sleep Time indicate improvements. Lower scores for Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, ISI, Time to fall asleep, Number of night awakenings, and Time awake during the night indicate improvements.
Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index: Significant differences were noted for Baseline to all Weeks (p < 0.001).
Berlin Questionnaire: Significant differences were noted for Baseline to Weeks 1–4 and 8 (p < 0.001), Week 1 to Week 4 (p < 0.001), Week 2 to Week 4 (p < 0.001), Week 3 to Week 4 (p < 0.001), and Week 4 to Week 8 (p < 0.001).
Restorative Sleep Questionnaire: Significant differences were noted for Baseline to Weeks 1–4 and 8 (p < 0.001), Week 3 to Week 4 (p = 0.004), and Week 3 to Week 8 (p < 0.001).
Insomnia: Significant differences were noted for Baseline to Weeks 1–4 and 8 (p < 0.001), Week 1 to Week 4 (p = 0.001), Week 3 to Week 4 (p = 0.037), Week 1 to Week 8 (p < 0.001), Week 2 to Week 4 (p = 0.37), Week 2 to Week 8 (p = 0.016), Week 3 to Week 4 (p = 0.016), and Week 3 to Week 8 (p = 0.008).
Time to fall asleep: Significant differences were noted for Baseline to Week 2 (p = 0.045).
Number of night awakenings: Significant differences were noted for Baseline to Week 1 (p = 0.006), Baseline to Week 4 (p < 0.001), Baseline to Week 8 (p = 0.004), and Week 3 to Week 4 (p = 0.035).
Time awake during night: Significant differences were noted for Baseline to Week 1 (p = 0.016), Baseline to Week 2 (p = 0.038), Baseline to Week 3 (p = 0.042), Baseline to Week 5 (p < 0.001), Baseline to Week 8 (p < 0.001), and Week 3 to Week 8 (p = 0.045).
Total sleep time: Significant differences were noted for Baseline to Week 8 (p = 0.041), Week 1 to Week 3 (p < 0.001), and Week 2 to Week 3 (p = 0.036).
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; M, mean.
Significant improvements from Baseline to Weeks 1–4 and 8, p's < 0.05.