Table 1.
Risk stratification based on clinical markers.
| Markers | Roles in risk stratification | Sample number | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis at an early age | Predicted an aggressive disease course for CD | CD (1123) | [50] |
| Extensive disease | Predicted an aggressive disease course for CD and UC, and medically refractory disease for UC | CD (361); MR-UC (324), non-MR-UC (537) |
[51, 52] |
| Upper GI involvement | Predicted an aggressive disease course for CD | CD (358) | [53] |
| Ileal/ileocolonic involvement | Predicted an aggressive disease course for CD | CD (2105) | [54] |
| Perianal disease | Predicted an aggressive disease course for CD | CD (1123) | [50] |
| Complicated behaviors | Predicted an aggressive disease course for CD | CD (361) | [51] |
| Need of corticosteroids at initial presentation | Predicted an aggressive disease course for CD and UC | CD (1123) | [50] |
| Fiber intake | Decreased risk for ileocolonic CD | CD (346), UC (456) | [48] |
| Older age at disease onset | Predicted an aggressive disease course for UC | UC (601) | [46] |
| Proximal disease location | Predicted an aggressive disease course for UC | UC (601) | [46] |
| Smoking | Showed bidirectional effects (protective or destructive) on disease course for CD and UC | CD (476), UC (630), IC (81); CD (346), UC (456); UC (6754) |
[48, 55, 56] |
| Female | Predicted more severe clinical symptoms and disabilities for CD | CD (541) | [57] |
| Male | Predicted a high risk of developing CRC for UC | UC (4192), CD (3482) | [58] |
| Severe endoscopic lesions | Predicted an increased risk of penetrating behaviors and colectomy for CD | CD (102) |
[59] |
| Endoscopic MH | Predicted of lower risk of relapse, colectomy and hospitalization for CD and UC | UC (513), CD (227) | [60] |
| Coexisting with PSC | Increased risk of proximal disease extension, dysplasia, CRC and colectomy for CD and UC | UC (420); PSC-IBD (71), UC (142); IBD-neoplasia (43), IBD (102) |
[61–63] |
| Co-occurrence of psoriasis | Predicted an aggressive disease course for UC | UC (420) | [61] |
Abbreviations: CD: Crohn's disease; UC: ulcerative colitis; MR-UC: medically refractory-UC; GI: gastrointestinal; IC: indeterminate colitis; CRC: colorectal cancer; MH: mucosal healing; PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis.