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. 2024 Apr 15;12:e16836. doi: 10.7717/peerj.16836

Table 2. Mechanism(s) involved in PGPR strains and their effects on cowpea plants.

Species Mechanism(s) involved Results Plant(s) References
Bacillus subtilis Dcl1 Biocontrol and abiotic stress abatement agent Improved cowpea growth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Jayakumar, Nair & Radhakrishnan (2021)
B. cereus Lipopeptides Boosts bioprotection Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Hashami et al. (2019)
Bacillus spp. Induction of disease resistance in cowpea against mosaic disease Increase seed germination and seedling vigor; protection of plants against the pathogen Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Shankar Udaya et al. (2009)
Pseudomonas libanensis TR1 Rhizophagus irregularis Biofertilization Significant increases in shoot dry weight and in the number of pods and seeds per plant and grain yield Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Rocha et al. (2019)
B. subtilis Fcl1 Pesticide toxicity alleviating and growth-promoting impact Improvement in cowpea growth and also toxicity alleviating effects of pesticide Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Juby et al. (2021)
Bradyrhizobium sp., B. megaterium, B. circulans, P. fluorescens Biofertilization and biological control Fertilization and bio-control management; Increased growth and reduced the amount of chemical fertilization NPK Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Zaghloul et al. (2019)