Table 1:
Demographical and psychopathological comparisons between three subtypes of antipsychotic-treated patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls
| Measure | Group | Comparison | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtype 1 (N = 55) | Subtype 2 (N = 34) | Subtype 3 (N = 58) | HC (N = 147) | F/χ2 | P/P FDR | |
| Age (years, M ± SD) | 46.11 ± 7.45 | 47.76 ± 6.67 | 46.78 ± 7.53 | 45.86 ± 9.99 | 0.50 | 0.680 |
| Sex (female: N/%) | 20 (36.36%) | 17 (50.00%) | 18 (31.03%) | 55 (37.42%) | 3.33 | 0.343 |
| Education level (years, M ± SD) | 9.6 ± 3.03 | 9.39 ± 2.06 | 10.11 ± 3.69 | 10.13 ± 3.99 | 0.58 | 0.626 |
| Illness duration (years, M ± SD) | 20.81 ± 9.63 | 17.48 ± 8.71 | 20.66 ± 8.52 | 1.66 | 0.193 | |
| Age at onset (years, M ± SD) | 25.19 ± 8.58 | 30.27 ± 8.13 | 25.89 ± 6.55 | 4.86 | 0.009d, e | |
| Antipsychotic dose (mg/day, M ± SD) | 595.83 ± 333.52 | 480.80 ± 353.13 | 520.89 ± 199.26 | 1.72 | 0.182 | |
| Antipsychotic type (FGA/SGA/both: N) | 3/38/12 | 6/25/2 | 5/36/12 | 7.08 | 0.132 | |
| Clozapine-treated (treated/untreated: N) | 32/21 | 17/16 | 27/26 | 1.13 | 0.569 | |
| PANSS (M ± SD) | ||||||
| Positive scale | 10.25 ± 4.10 | 11.19 ± 5.04 | 10.00 ± 4.39 | 0.75 | 0.793 | |
| Negative scale | 17.27 ± 6.15 | 15.75 ± 5.00 | 16.14 ± 5.43 | 0.88 | 0.793 | |
| General scale | 25.16 ± 5.45 | 26.50 ± 5.42 | 25.77 ± 6.42 | 0.52 | 0.793 | |
| Total score | 52.69 ± 13.43 | 53.44 ± 13.44 | 51.91 ± 13.65 | 0.13 | 0.875 | |
| GAF (M ± SD) | 58.27 ± 14.81 | 56.84 ± 12.82 | 59.36 ± 15.88 | 0.29 | 0.749 | |
| BACS (M ± SD) | ||||||
| Verbal memory | 27.39 ± 10.63 | 24.41 ± 10.55 | 27.04 ± 9.83 | 32.22 ± 10.91 | 4.72 | 0.004b, c |
| Working memory | 14.66 ± 5.06 | 14.14 ± 5.12 | 16.02 ± 5.20 | 18.63 ± 5.78 | 8.39 | <0.001 a, b, c |
| Motor speed | 53.76 ± 15.34 | 52.14 ± 12.70 | 55.19 ± 14.61 | 66.08 ± 15.34 | 12.52 | <0.001 a, b, c |
| Verbal fluency | 20.85 ± 7.34 | 19.34 ± 6.16 | 22.02 ± 7.41 | 22.63 ± 7.16 | 1.74 | 0.161 |
| Attention and speed of information processing | 27.32 ± 12.81 | 24.59 ± 13.60 | 29.53 ± 13.59 | 37.67 ± 13.13 | 15.86 | <0.001 a, b, c |
| Executive functioning | 13.85 ± 5.34 | 12.69 ± 6.10 | 16.11 ± 3.67 | 17.49 ± 2.32 | 10.07 | <0.001 a, b |
| General function (composite score) | 26.30 ± 7.30 | 24.55 ± 6.75 | 27.65 ± 6.50 | 32.46 ± 6.65 | 18.15 | <0.001 a, b, c |
FGA, first-generation antipsychotics; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale; HC, healthy control subjects; M, mean value; PFDR, P-value adjusted with FDR; SD, standard deviation; SGA, second-generation antipsychotics.
Antipsychotic dose represents average daily dose of antipsychotics that patients received, which was transformed into chlorpromazine equivalent. Antipsychotic types were classified into three categories, including treatment with first-generation antipsychotics, treatment with second-generation antipsychotics, and treatment with both types. Distributions of sex, antipsychotic type, and the status that received clozapine-treatment or not were tested using chi-square tests; Cognitive between-group differences were tested using one-way ANCOVA. All other between-group comparisons were performed under a one-way ANOVA test. Tukey's HSD test was performed as post hoc analyses after one-way ANOVA or ANCOVA. FDR correction was used for P-values of PANSS scores.
Patients in subtype 1 are significantly smaller than healthy controls;
Patients in subtype 2 are significantly smaller than healthy controls;
Patients in subtype 3 are significantly smaller than healthy controls;
Patients in subtype 1 are significantly smaller than those in subtype 2;
Patients in subtype 2 are significantly greater than those in subtype 3.