Table 1. Eligibility criteria for participants.

Inclusion criteria

1. Community-dwelling and aged 60 years or older.

2. Diagnosed with sarcopenia according to the criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) [43]: a)decreased muscle strength: handgrip strength of men < 28 kg; handgrip strength of women < 18 kg; b)or decreased physical performance: 5-time chair-stand test time ≥12 s; c)or decreased muscle mass: skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) of men < 7.0 kg/m2; SMI of women < 5.7 kg/m2.

3. Able to communicate orally and in writing and understand instructions.

Exclusion criteria

1. Hospitalisation lasting for more than 5 days in the 3 months prior to recruitment.

2. Unable to undergo body composition test, due to having a heart pacemaker, vascular stent, steel plates or other materials in the body.

3. Contraindications to PE, such as severe musculoskeletal disorders, severe cardiovascular diseases or spinal nerve injury.

4. Already undertaking regular PE: 150 min of moderate-intensity activity or 75 min of vigorous-intensity activity per week in the 3 months prior to recruitment [44].

5. Practising mindfulness/yoga for >45 min a week in the 6 months prior to recruitment [45].