Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants.
| Characteristic | NAFLD | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| N | 5222 | 4221 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (year), Median (Q1-Q3) | 47.50 (33.00–64.00) | 53.00 (39.00–65.00) | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||
| Male | 2250 (43.09%) | 2136 (50.60%) | |
| Female | 2972 (56.91%) | 2085 (49.40%) | |
| Race | <0.001 | ||
| Mexican American | 662 (12.68%) | 750 (17.77%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 538 (10.30%) | 437 (10.35%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 2261 (43.30%) | 1941 (45.98%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 979 (18.75%) | 818 (19.38%) | |
| Other Race—Including Multi-Racial | 782 (14.98%) | 275 (6.52%) | |
| Education level | <0.001 | ||
| <High school | 1048 (20.07%) | 1079 (25.56%) | |
| High school | 1109 (21.24%) | 1013 (24.00%) | |
| >High school | 3065 (58.69%) | 2129 (50.44%) | |
| Ratio of family income to poverty | <0.001 | ||
| < = 1 | 1020 (19.53%) | 927 (21.96%) | |
| 1–3 | 2146 (41.10%) | 1927 (45.65%) | |
| >3 | 2056 (39.37%) | 1367 (32.39%) | |
| Behavioral Characteristics | |||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 3239 (62.03%) | 2257 (53.47%) | |
| Now | 879 (16.83%) | 734 (17.39%) | |
| Former | 1104 (21.14%) | 1230 (29.14%) | |
| Work activities status | 0.022 | ||
| No | 3085 (59.08%) | 2362 (55.96%) | |
| Vigorous | 186 (3.56%) | 164 (3.89%) | |
| Moderate | 1180 (22.60%) | 1011 (23.95%) | |
| Both | 771 (14.76%) | 684 (16.20%) | |
| Recreational activities status | <0.001 | ||
| No | 2359 (45.17%) | 2499 (59.20%) | |
| Vigorous | 475 (9.10%) | 217 (5.14%) | |
| Moderate | 1483 (28.40%) | 1091 (25.85%) | |
| Both | 905 (17.33%) | 414 (9.81%) | |
| Dietary Characteristics | |||
| Dietary energy intake (kcal), Median (Q1-Q3) | 3659.50 (2844.25–4737.00) | 3779.00 (2879.00–4814.00) | 0.029 |
| Dietary protein intake (g),Median (Q1-Q3) | 143.91 (109.73–188.50) | 149.50 (111.44–194.87) | 0.001 |
| Dietary alcohol intake (g), Mean ± SD | 5.28 ± 11.90 | 4.49 ± 11.55 | 0.001 |
| Dietary vitamin C intake (mg), Median (Q1-Q3) | 134.70 (66.20–236.40) | 115.00 (54.50–213.30) | <0.001 |
| Related disease conditions | |||
| Hypertension status | <0.001 | ||
| No | 3489 (66.81%) | 1860 (44.07%) | |
| Yes | 1733 (33.19%) | 2361 (55.93%) | |
| Diabetes status | <0.001 | ||
| No | 3813 (73.02%) | 1874 (44.40%) | |
| Yes | 639 (12.24%) | 1440 (34.12%) | |
| IFG | 392 (7.51%) | 538 (12.75%) | |
| IGT | 378 (7.24%) | 369 (8.74%) | |
| Anthropometric measurements | |||
| Waist Circumference (cm), Mean ± SD | 89.20 ± 9.65 | 113.49 ± 13.08 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m^2), Mean± SD | 25.09 ± 3.57 | 34.73 ± 6.27 | <0.001 |
| Biochemical indicators | |||
| Uric Acid (mg/dl), Mean± SD | 5.05 ± 1.27 | 5.98 ± 1.42 | <0.001 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dl), Mean± SD | 102.24 ± 25.53 | 119.85 ± 43.50 | <0.001 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%), Mean± SD | 5.57 ± 0.82 | 6.09 ± 1.32 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), Median (Q1-Q3) | 0.82 (0.69–0.98) | 0.85 (0.72–1.02) | <0.001 |
| GGT (IU/L), Median (Q1-Q3) | 16.00 (12.00–22.00) | 25.00 (18.00–39.00) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL), Median (Q1-Q3) | 82.00 (60.00–113.00) | 136.00 (96.00–192.00) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), Mean ± SD | 187.71 ± 39.83 | 195.54 ± 42.19 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), Mean ± SD | 58.05 ± 15.45 | 46.82 ± 12.13 | <0.001 |
| AST (u/l), Median (Q1-Q3) | 22.00 (19.00–26.00) | 23.00 (19.00–28.00) | <0.001 |
| ALT(u/l), Median (Q1-Q3) | 18.00 (15.00–24.00) | 23.00 (18.00–32.00) | <0.001 |
| Total Protein (g/dl), Mean ± SD | 7.14 ± 0.45 | 7.15 ± 0.45 | 0.12 |
| Globulin (g/dl), Mean ± SD | 2.88 ± 0.44 | 3.01 ± 0.46 | <0.001 |
| Total Bilirubin (mg/dl), Median (Q1-Q3) | 0.70 (0.50–0.90) | 0.60 (0.50–0.80) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: CDAI, Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index; NAFLD, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; IFG, Impaired Fasting Glycemia; IGT, Impaired Glucose Tolerance; BMI, Body Mass Index; GGT, Gamma glutamyl transferase; AST, Aspartate Transaminase; ALT, Alanine Aminotransferase
*BMI was calculated as the body weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters
P value: if it is a continuous variable, it is obtained by Kruskal Wallis rank sum test. If the theoretical number of counting variables is less than 10, it is obtained by Fisher exact probability test.