Table 2. Baseline Characteristics with AHF as stratified variable in NAFLD population.
| Characteristic | AHF | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| N | 3518 | 703 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age(year), Mean ± SD | 49.45 ± 15.58 | 66.49 ± 11.32 | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.820 | ||
| Male | 1783 (50.68%) | 353 (50.21%) | |
| Female | 1735 (49.32%) | 350 (49.79%) | |
| Race | <0.001 | ||
| Mexican American | 654 (18.59%) | 96 (13.66%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 368 (10.46%) | 69 (9.82%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1587 (45.11%) | 354 (50.36%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 661 (18.79%) | 157 (22.33%) | |
| Other Race—Including Multi-Racial | 248 (7.05%) | 27 (3.84%) | |
| Education level | <0.001 | ||
| <High school | 856 (24.33%) | 223 (31.72%) | |
| High school | 848 (24.10%) | 165 (23.47%) | |
| >High school | 1814 (51.56%) | 315 (44.81%) | |
| Ratio of family income to poverty | <0.001 | ||
| < = 1 | 794 (22.57%) | 133 (18.92%) | |
| 1–3 | 1556 (44.23%) | 371 (52.77%) | |
| >3 | 1168 (33.20%) | 199 (28.31%) | |
| Behavioral Characteristics | |||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 1904 (54.12%) | 353 (50.21%) | |
| Now | 678 (19.27%) | 56 (7.97%) | |
| Former | 936 (26.61%) | 294 (41.82%) | |
| Work activities status | <0.001 | ||
| No | 1914 (54.41%) | 448 (63.73%) | |
| Vigorous | 150 (4.26%) | 14 (1.99%) | |
| Moderate | 841 (23.91%) | 170 (24.18%) | |
| Both | 613 (17.42%) | 71 (10.10%) | |
| Recreational activities status | <0.001 | ||
| No | 1991 (56.59%) | 508 (72.26%) | |
| Vigorous | 203 (5.77%) | 14 (1.99%) | |
| Moderate | 933 (26.52%) | 158 (22.48%) | |
| Both | 391 (11.11%) | 23 (3.27%) | |
| Dietary Characteristics | |||
| Dietary energy intake (kcal), Median (Q1-Q3) | 3847.00 (2927.25–4892.00) | 3474.00(2635.00–4401.50) | <0.001 |
| Dietary protein intake (g), Median (Q1-Q3) | 152.12 (113.37–197.42) | 152.12 (113.37–197.42) | <0.001 |
| Dietary alcohol intake (g), Mean ± SD | 4.82 ±11.94 | 2.85 ±9.21 | <0.001 |
| Dietary vitamin C intake (mg), Median (Q1-Q3) | 116.75 (54.62–216.33) | 107.70 (52.80–200.45) | 0.063 |
| Related disease conditions | |||
| Hypertension status | <0.001 | ||
| No | 1716 (48.78%) | 144 (20.48%) | |
| Yes | 1802 (51.22%) | 559 (79.52%) | |
| Diabetes status | <0.001 | ||
| No | 1813 (51.53%) | 61 (8.68%) | |
| Yes | 948 (26.95%) | 492 (69.99%) | |
| IFG | 404 (11.48%) | 134 (19.06%) | |
| IGT | 353 (10.03%) | 16 (2.28%) | |
| Anthropometric measurements | |||
| Waist Circumference (cm), Mean ± SD | 111.63 ± 11.83 | 122.80 ± 14.93 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m^2), Mean± SD | 33.98 ± 5.62 | 38.48 ± 7.84 | <0.001 |
| Biochemical indicators | |||
| Uric Acid (mg/dl), Mean± SD | 5.91 ± 1.38 | 6.32 ± 1.55 | <0.001 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dl), Mean± SD | 116.11 ± 41.40 | 138.57 ± 48.64 | <0.001 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%), Mean± SD | 5.98 ± 1.27 | 6.66 ± 1.41 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), Median (Q1-Q3) | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 0.94 (0.78–1.20) | <0.001 |
| GGT (IU/L), Median (Q1-Q3) | 26.00 (18.00–39.75) | 23.00 (17.00–37.00) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL), Median (Q1-Q3) | 139.00 (97.00–196.00) | 125.00 (94.00–171.00) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), Mean ± SD | 198.96 ± 42.00 | 178.42 ± 38.89 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), Mean ± SD | 46.58 ± 11.91 | 47.99 ± 13.14 | 0.035 |
| AST (u/l), Median (Q1-Q3) | 23.00 (19.00–28.00) | 23.00 (19.00–28.00) | 0.509 |
| ALT(u/l), Median (Q1-Q3) | 23.00 (19.00–28.00) | 20.00 (16.00–26.00) | <0.001 |
| Total Protein (g/dl), Mean ± SD | 7.17 ± 0.45 | 7.04 ± 0.46 | <0.001 |
| Globulin (g/dl), Mean ± SD | 3.00 ± 0.45 | 3.06 ± 0.51 | 0.019 |
| Total Bilirubin (mg/dl), Median (Q1-Q3) | 0.60 (0.50–0.80) | 0.60 (0.50–0.80) | 0.727 |
Abbreviations: CDAI, Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index; NAFLD, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; IFG, Impaired Fasting Glycemia; IGT, Impaired Glucose Tolerance; BMI, Body Mass Index; GGT, Gamma glutamyl transferase; AST, Aspartate Transaminase; ALT, Alanine Aminotransferase
*BMI was calculated as the body weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters
P value: if it is a continuous variable, it is obtained by Kruskal Wallis rank sum test. If the theoretical number of counting variables is less than 10, it is obtained by Fisher exact probability test.