Table 2.
Characteristics and major findings of the included studies on the effect of intermittent fasting on patients with PCOS.
| Author, publication year | Country | Sample Size (n) | Age range (average) | Type of fasting | Study Design | PCOS Markers | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric measurements | Glycemic control | Lipid Profile | Hormones | Liver enzymes | Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers | Major findings | ||||||
| Li et al. (25) | China | 18 | 18–31 | IF | Clinical trial | BW (kg) BMI (kg/m2) WHR SMM (kg) BFM (kg) BF% VFA (cm2) |
FG (mmol/L) FINS (μU/mL) AUCIns (mU/L*min) AUCGlu (mmol/ L*min) AUCIns/AUCGlu HOMA-IR IGF-1 (ng/mL) |
TG (mmol/L) TC (mmol/L) LDL-C (mmol/L) |
TT (ng/mL) SHBG (nmol/L) FAI (%) LH (mIU/mL) FSH (mIU/mL) LH/FSH |
AST (U/L) ALT (U/L) |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | BW ↓, BMI ↓, BFM ↓, BF% ↓ VFA ↓ ALT ↓ FINS ↓, AUCIns ↓ AUCIns/AUCGlu ↓, HOMA-IR ↓ IGF-1 ↑, TT ↓, SHBG ↑, FAI ↓ CRP ↓ |
| Feyzioglu et al. (26) | Turkey | 30 | 21–33 | IF | Clinical trial | BMI (kg/m2) WHR |
FINS (μU/mL) FG (mg/dL) HOMA-IR IR (>2.4) HbA1c |
HDL-C (mg/dL) LDL-C (mg/dL) TG (mg/dL) |
FSH (mlU/mL) LH (mlU/mL) E2 (mlU/mL) TSH mlU/mL Prolactin (ng/mL) TT (ng/dL) Free testosterone (pg/mL) SHBG (nmol/L) FAI (%) Hyperandrogenism (≥8) DHEAS (μg/dL) AMH (ng/mL) |
Calprotectin (μg/g) | BMI ↓, WHR↓ FBG ↓, FINS ↓, HOMA-IR ↓, IR ↓ HbA1c ↓ TG ↓, LDL ↓, HDL ↑, TT ↓ SHBG ↑, FAI ↓, LH ↓, FSH ↓, E2 ↓ TSH ↑, Prolactin ↓, Free Testosterone ↓, DHEAS ↓, AMH ↓, Hyperandrogenism ↓ Calprotectin ↓ |
|
| Asemi et al. (27) | Iran | 27 | 18–40 | RIF | Cross-section study | Height (cm) Weight (kg) BMI (kg/m2) |
FG (mg/dL) FINS (IU/mL) HOMA-IR HOMAB QUICKI |
TG (mg/dL) VLDL-C (mg/dL) TC (mg/dL) LDL-C (mg/dL) HDL-C (mg/dL) |
NO (mol/L) TAC (mmol/L) GSH (mmol/L) MDA (mmol/L) hs-CRP (ng/mL) |
NO ↑, GSH ↑ | ||
↓ Significantly decreased; ↑ Significantly increased. AMH, anti-mullerian hormone; AUC GIu., area under the curve (AUC) for glucose; AUC Ins., area under the curve (AUC) for insulin; BF%, body fat percent; BFM, body fat mass; BMI, body-mass index; BW, body weight; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; E2, estradiol; FAI, free androgen index; FG, fasting glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; GSH, glutathione; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IR, insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LH, luteinizing hormone; MDA, malondialdehyde; NO, nitric oxide; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; TT, total testosterone; VFA, visceral fat adiposity; VLDL-C, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; WHR, waist-hip ratio.