Table 1.

Description of articles.

Nr	Article - full citation	Country	Study design	Aim	Population	N	Age	Recruitment method
1	Longden, E.; Branitsky, A.; Moskowitz, A.; Berry, K.; Bucci, S.;Varese, F. The Relationship between dissociation and symptoms of psychosis: A Meta-analysis, Schizophrenia Bulletin.2020 doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa037		Meta-analysis	To quantify the magnitude of association between dissociative experiences and all symptoms in psychosis.	Clinical and non-clinical population	20436	Mean age 27.07
2	Farrelly, S.; Peters, E.; Azis, M.; David, A.; Hunter, E.C. A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial, Pilot and Feasibility Studies. 2016 2:47.	UK	Single-blinded RCT	To determine the feasibility and acceptability of a brief CBT intervention for clinically significant depersonalisation in people with psychotic symptoms	clinical population	30	18-70	Secondary mental health trust – community mental health teams, psychological therapies services and research registers.
3	Hwu, H.G.; Chen, C.C.; Tsuang, M.T.; Tseng, W.S. Derealization syndrome and the outcome of schizophrenia: A report from the international pilot study of schizophrenia, British Journal of Psychiatry. 1981, 139,313-318.		Two-year follow-up from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (IPPS, WHO, 1973)- transcultural psychiatric investigation	Prognostic implication of the clinical manifestations of derealisation at initial evaluation in relation to outcome at two-year-follow-up from the Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (IPPS) (WHO, 1973)	clinical population	133 in follow up study (137 original study)	15 +
4	Perona-Garcelan, S.; Cuevas-Yust, C.; Garcıa-Montes, J.M.; Perez-Alvarez, M.; Ductor-Recuerda, M.; Salas-Azcona, R.; Gomez-Gomez, M.T.; Rodrıguez-Martın, M.&B. Relationship Between Self-Focused Attention and Dissociation in Patients With and Without Auditory Hallucinations, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2008;196: 190–197.	Spain	Cross-sectional	To study the relationship between self-focussed attention and dissociative experiences.	clinical population and non-clinical control group	68	20 - 62 (Mean age 38.65, SD 9.04)	Patients with auditory verbal hallucinations, with ICD 10 diagnosis. Attending the mental health units of the Virgen del Rocío Hospital (Seville, Spain), the Sierrallana Hospital (Santander, Spain) and the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Madrid, Spain). Control grup - staff and trainees from the Virgen del Rocío Hospital (Seville, Spain).
5	Perona‐Garcelán, S.; García‐Montes, J. M.; Ductor‐Recuerda, M. J.; Vallina‐Fernández, O.; Cuevas‐Yust, C.; Pérez‐Álvarez, M.; Salas-Azcona, R.; Gómez‐Gómez, M. T. Relationship of metacognition, absorption, and depersonalisation in patients with auditory hallucinations, British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2012, 51, 100-118.	Spain	Cross-sectional	To study the relationship of metacognition, absorption, and depersonalisation in hallucinating patients.	clinical population and non-clinical control group	124	16-65 (Mean age 37.9; SD 9.92)	“Patients diagnosed with psychosis, selected from those receiving attention at the Virgen del Roc´ıo Hospital in Seville (southern Spain) or the Sierrallana Hospital in Torrelavega (northern Spain), and treated with neuroleptic medication. The patients in the clinical control group were receiving attention at the outpatient health services or from private psychologists.
6	Wright, A.; Fowlerb, D.; Greenwood, K. Influences on functional outcome and subjective recovery in individuals with and without First Episode Psychosis: A metacognitive model, Psychiatry Research. 2020, 284, 112643.	UK	Cross-sectional	Association of metacognition and subjective recovery in first episode of psychosis	clinical population and non-clinical control group	135	Clinical group18-43 (mean age 26.24, SD 5.66) Control (mean age 26.3, SD 6.6)	Individuals with psychosis were recruited through a convenience sample from Early Intervention in Psychosis services in Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, with a minority of these from a previous first episode psychosis (FEP) sample. Healthy control participants were recruited through advertisement within the local community, for example, in libraries and cafes, and online, for example, through social media and Gumtree.
7	Rosen, C.; Jones, N.; Chase, K.A.; Melbourne, J.K.; Grossman, L.S.; Sharma, R.P. Immersion in altered experience: An investigation of the relationship between absorption and psychopathology, Consciousness and Cognition. 2017, 49, 215–226.	USA	Cross-sectional	To explore the phenomenological construct of absorption and psychotic experiences in clinical and non-clinical participants.	clinical population and non-clinical control group.	115 (76 African American, 10 Asian, 19 Caucasian, 10 Hispanic)	21-60	Population randomly selected from a large urban university medical centre but included referrals from community treatment facilities. Non-clinical participants were recruited from neighbouring communities.
8	Úbeda-Gómeza, J.; León-Palaciosa, M.G.; Escudero-Péreza, S.; Barros- Albarrána, M.D.; López-Jiménezb, A.M.; Perona-Garcelána, S. Relationship between self-focussed attention, mindfulness and distress in individuals with auditory verbal hallucinations, Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 2015, 20: 6, 482–488.	Spain	Cross-sectional	To investigate the relationships among self-focussed attention, mindfulness and distress caused by the voices in psychiatric patients.	Clinical population	51	18-65 (mean 38, DS 10.24)	The participants were inpatients in the mental health units of the Virgen del Rocío Hospital (Seville, Spain), the Sierrallana Hospital (Santander, Spain) and the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Madrid, Spain).
9	“Humpston, C.S.; Walsh, E.; Oakley, D.A.; Mehta, M.A.; Bell, V.; Deeley, Q. The relationship between different types of dissociation and psychosis-like experiences in a non-clinical sample, Consciousness and Cognition. 2016, 4, 83–92. “	UK	Cross-sectional	To investigate whether detachment, compartmentalisation or absorption were most strongly associated with psychosis-like experiences in the general population.	Non-clinical population	215	18-67 (Mean age 27.16; SD9.28)	General population sample recruited through adverts placed on the gumtree.com website in London and from an email circular that was distributed to all staff and students at three central London universities.
10	Lynch, S.; Holttum, S.; Huet, V, The experience of art therapy for individuals following a first diagnosis of a psychotic disorder: a grounded theory study, International Journal of Art Therapy. 2018, 24:1, 1-11.	UK	Qualitative research	To explore how service users experienced art therapy following their first diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, and the processes through which art therapy might be helpful for such individuals.	Clinical population	8	24-52 (Mean age 34.75)	Participants were recruited through art therapists in 4 NHS mental health trusts in southern UK. Interviews took place either face-to-face or by telephone and were audio-recorded.
11	Bacon, T. & Kennedy, A. Clinical perspectives on the relationship between psychosis and dissociation: utility of structural dissociation and implications for practice, Psychosis. 2014, 7:1, 81-91.	Patients from England, Scotland, Sweden, Germany, USA	Qualitative research	To present a qualitative research project that explored practice-based perspectives on the relationship between psychosis and dissociation. To conceptualise the model of Structural Dissociation of the Personality		10		8 - The International Society for the Psychological and Social Treatments of Psychosis 2- The European Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation
12	Ross, C.A.; Keyes, B.B., Clinical features of dissociative schizophrenia in China, Psychosis. 2009,1:1, 51-60.	China	Mixed - Qualitative study and case reports	To describe some clinical examples of dissociative schizophrenia from China. To describe the dissociative subtype, and to demonstrate that it occurs outside North America, where most of the research supporting the existence of the subtype has been conducted.	Clinical population	50	19 - 70 (Mean age 43.3; SD 12.4)	All were inpatients at Shanghai Mental Health Center and had clinical diagnoses of schizophrenia made by their attending psychiatrists using Chinese diagnostic criteria.
13	Lysaker, P.H.; Minor, K.S.; Lysaker, J.T.; Hasson-Ohayon, I.; Bonfils, K.; Hochheiser, J.; Vohs, J.L.Metacognitive function and fragmentation in schizophrenia: Relationship to cognition, self-experience and developing treatments, Schizophrenia Research: Cognition. 2020,19 100142.		Literature overview/ summary of research on quantifying metacognition	To review research seeking to measure some of the aspects of fragmentation related to the experience of the self and others
14	Lysaker, P.H.; Hamm, J.A.; Vohs, J.; Kukla, M.; Pattison, M.L.; Leonhardt, B.L.; Lysaker, J.T. Understanding the course of self-disorders and aterations in self-experience in schizophrenia: implications from research on metacognition, Current Psychiatry Reviews. 2018, 14, 160-170.		Literature review/theoretical models	To review research on the integrated model of metacognition in schizophrenia and explore five descriptions of alterations in subjective experience, which are sometimes called self-disorders.
15	Kumar, D.; Venkatasubramanian, G. Metacognition and mindfulness integrated therapy reduces severity of hallucination in a patient not taking antipsychotic medication, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2018, 32: 3,192-202.	India	Case report	Efficacy of metacognition & mindfulness integrated therapy in reduction of hallucination of patients not taking antipsychotic medication.	Clinical population	1	55
16	Perivoliotis, D.; Grant, P.M.; Beck, A.T. Advances in Cognitive therapy for schizophrenia: Empowerment and recovery in the absence of insight, Clinical Case Studies. 2009, 8(6) 424-437.	USA	Case report	To describe a cognitive therapy approach innovated to circumvent limited insight in a patient with severe paranoia and auditory hallucinations	Clinical population	1	24	Not specified, although parents encouraged her to enrol
17	Pec, O.; Lysaker, P.H.; Probstova, V.; Leonhardt, B.L.; Hamm, J.A.; Bob, B. The psychotherapeutic treatment of schizophrenia: Psychoanalytical explorations of the metacognitive movement, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 2020, 50, 205–212.		Theoretical (psychoanalytical conceptualisation)	To explore how psychoanalytic theory can explain how the effects of MERIT upon metacognition and self-experience in schizophrenia may reflect its effects on repairing the collapse of the boundary/connection between self and the world, mental fragmentation and the lack of symbolisation.
18	Bob, P. & Mashour, G.A. Schizophrenia, dissociation and consciousness, Consciousness and Cognition. 2011, 20, 1042-1049.		Theoretical	A review of findings on dissociation, conscious disintegration and schizophrenia
19	Ross, C. A. (2006). Dissociation and psychosis: The need for integration of theory and practice. In J. O. Johannessen, B. V. Martindale, & J. Cullberg (Eds.), Evolving psychosis (pp. 238–254). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.		Theoretical- Book chapter	To point out logical and scientific errors in the dominant conceptual system of psychosis and dissociation.