Table 5.

Other instruments.

Nr	Instrument, Author	Items/Time/format	Domains assessed	Reliability	Validity
1	Semi-structured interview 1 study: Lynch et al., 2018	Face-to-face or telephone & audio recorded Time: 20 – 51 minutes Response: Grounded theory	Experience of art therapy following first diagnosis of psychiatric disorder Processes through which art therapy might help Psychosis	Qualitative	Qualitative
2	Clinical interview 1 study: Ross & Keyes, 2009	Clinical interviews	Dissociation Dissociation subtype	Qualitative	Qualitative
3	SCS-R (Scheier & Carver, 1985) 1 study: Perona-Garcelan et al., 2008	22 items 3 subscales: Self-focussed attention items (9) Public self-consciousness items (7) Social anxiety items (6) Response: 4-choice answer (completely agree to completely disagree)	Self-consciousness (self-focussed attention) as a trait or disposition	Internal consistency α= 0.92, 0.75, and 0.81 for each of the subscales, respectively	Not reported
4	MCQ-30 (Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004) 1 study: Perona-Garcelan et al., 2012	30 items questionnaire Five factors: ‘Loss of cognitive confidence’ ‘Positive beliefs about worry’ ‘Cognitive self-consciousness’ ‘Negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger’ ‘Need to control thoughts’ Response: a scale of 1 (do not agree) to 4 (completely agree)	A range of metacognitive domains which are important in conceptualising psychopathological processes	Reliability for each of the 5 factors: ‘Cognitive confidence’ α = 0.85 ‘Positive beliefs’ α = 0.84 ‘Cognitive self-consciousness’ α = 0.75 ‘Uncontrollability and danger’ α = 0.79 ‘Need to control thoughts’ α = 0.78	“The construct and convergent validity are supported by empirical studies”
5	MAS-A (Lysaker et al., 2005) 1 study: Lysaker et al., 2020	A rating scale -not described in the paper	Metacognition as it is apparent within personal narratives Metacognitive acts Metacognitive knowledge	Not reported	Not reported
6	Computer based visual and auditory tasks 1 study: Wright et al., 2020	Task: to make 2 forced-choice binary judgements of 1.a) whether a stimulus was present or not within a noisy picture or presentation of white noise; 2.b) whether confidence in this decision was high or low; 2) to discriminate between correct and incorrect judgements	Metacognition efficiency Metacognitive sensitivity Metacognitive experience
7	CIS (Beck et al., 2004) 1 study: Wright et al., 2020	9 items Self-reflective subscale of the cognitive insight scale	Metacognitive monitoring	Internal consistency α =0.68; test-retest reliability r= 0.90	Convergent validity r = -0.67
8	MAI (Semerari et al., 2012) 1 study: Wright et al., 2020	Requires the participant to reflect on a recent difficult interpersonal experience and answer a series of questions	Metacognitive ability	Internal consistency α =0.90; reliability r= 0.62 to 0.90	Good factorial validity
9	TUS (Short, 2006) 1 study: Wright et al., 2020	Structured interview Questions re the number of hours spent engaged in specific structured activities for the preceding month	Functional outcome	Inter-rater reliability 0.99	Good validity as TUS is comparable to studies using functioning measures
10	The UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment (Patterson et al., 2001) 1 study: Wright et al., 2020	Total score for real-life performance skill based on role-play tasks. 0-20 scale 5 Sections: Finance Communication Planning Transport Household	Functional capacity	Internal consistency α =0.88; test-retest reliability r= 0.91	Validity r= 0.86
11	QPR (Neil et al., 2009) 1 study: Wright et al., 2020	22 items Self -reported questionnaire 2 subscales: Interpersonal subscale; Intrapersonal subscale Response: a scale from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree)	Individual’s subjective recovery; hope, empowerment; confidence, connectedness with others, reliance	Internal consistency α =0.94 (intrapersonal subscale) and 0.77 (interpersonal subscale); Reliability Intra, r= 0.87; Inter, r= 0.77	Construct validity Intra, r= -0.83; inter, r= 0.52
12	WASI (Wechsler, 1999) 1 study: Wright et al., 2020	2 IQ tasks (verbal IQ and performance IQ) were used from the WASI	IQ (measure of neurocognition)	Not reported	Not reported
13	MAAS (Brown & Ryan, 2003) 1 study: Ubeda-Gomez et al., 2015	15 items Self-reported scale Response: Likert scale of 1-6	The dispositional capacity of awareness or attention to the experience of the present moment in daily life	Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89	Not reported
14	BDI-II (Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996) 2 studies: Perivoliotis et al., 2009; Farrelly et al., 2016	21 item- scale Self-report Response: 4-point Likert scale (0- symptom not present, to 3- present with significant distress)	Symptoms of depression	Not reported	Validated in patients with schizophrenia
15	BAI (Beck & Steer, 1974) 2 studies: Perivoliotis et al., 2009; Farrelly et al., 2016	21 item- scale Self-report Response: 4-point Likert scale (0- symptom not present, to 3- present with significant distress)	Symptoms of anxiety	Not reported	Validated in patients with schizophrenia
16	SCLF (Strauss & Carpenter, 1974) 1 study: Perivoliotis et al., 2009	9 item- questionnaire Interviewer-scored Not described	Levels of social and occupational functioning	Not reported	One of the most commonly used validated questionnaires of functioning
17	QoL Inventory (Frisch, 1994) 1 study: Perivoliotis et al., 2009	32-item Self-report Measures subjective functioning on 16 life domains	Satisfaction with life	Not reported	Not reported
18	BCIS (Beck et al., 2004) 1 study: Perivoliotis et al., 2009	15 items Self-report 2 dimensions of cognitive insight: Self-reflectiveness and self-certainty	Cognitive insight- the ability to question one’s beliefs, consider alternative explanations for one’s experiences and accept that beliefs are fallible.	Not reported	Validated
19	PDS (Foa et al., 1997) 1 study: Farrelly et al., 2016	49 items Total score ranging from 0 to 51 Response scale not described	A checklist of potentially traumatising events and an indication of the distress, intrusive thoughts, avoidance and hyperarousal in the last month	Not reported	Not reported
20	SCID-D (Steinberg, 1994) 1 study: Farrelly et al., 2016	Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV dissociative disorders 9 items	Depersonalisation symptoms	Not reported	Not reported
21	IPA (Smith, Flowers, & Larkin, 2009) 1 study: Bacon & Kenedy, 2014	Telephone interviews	Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of semi-structured telephone interviews - detailed scrutiny of interview transcripts, development of conceptual themes, and repeating this with each set of interview data before superordinate and subordinate themes accommodating all experiences were produced.	Qualitative	Qualitative
22	HGSHS: A (Shor & Orne, 1962) 1 study: Humpston et al., 2016	Short hypnotic induction session followed by a series of 12 suggestions and a de-induction procedure 3 psychometric factors: ideomotor; challenge, cognitive	Compartmentalisation- type dissociative experiences through suggestion	Cronbach’s alpha 0.79	Well-validated