Figure 2.

A measurement model for caregiver responses to child’s negative emotions. EER, Expressive Encouragement Responses; EFR, Emotion-Focused Responses; PFR, Problem-Focused Responses; MR, Minimizing Responses; PR, Punitive Responses; DR, Distress Responses. The initial model fit demonstrated poor fit to the data with fit indices χ²(8) = 59.72, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.943, TLI = 0.894, RMSEA = 0.134, SRMR = 0.075. The model was revised to include covariances between the error terms of EER, EFR, MR, PR, and DR to account for shared method variance, resulting in an improved fit: χ²(3) = 7.05, p = 0.070, CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.978, RMSEA = 0.061, SRMR = 0.035. The figure presents the standardized factor loadings for the indicators of ‘Supportive Response’ and ‘Non-supportive Response. ^**p < 0.01 and ^***p < 0.001.