Fig. 3.

Effects of VEGFA-overexpression on murine tumor cells in vivo. Tumor volume curve showed enhanced tumor growth in mice with VEGFA-overexpression colon and breast cancer cells (a). Tumor angiogenesis (b) and immune (c–d) microenvironment deteriorated due to the overexpression of VEGFA. **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Upregulated expression of TOX among CD8⁺ T cells in -VEGFA tumors (e), ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Elevated levels of inhibitory receptors on CD8⁺ T cells in -VEGFA tumors (f and g), such as PD-1, TIM-3, LAF-3, and TIGIT, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. -VEGFA: the group of mice bearing VEGFA-overexpressed tumor cells, -NC: the group of mice bearing tumor cells with empty vector