Table 1.

Types of GNPs used in combination with IR in NSCLC.

Nanoparticles	Cells	Mechanism	Outcome	Reference
Glu-GNPs	A549	Promotes apoptosis via Bcl-2 family proteins and mitochondrial pathway	Increased apoptosis under X-ray irradiation	(12)
Glu-GNPs	A549	Increased DNA double-strand breaks	SER of 1.41 and 1.15 for 160 kV and 6 MV X-rays	(13)
Glu-GNPs	QU-DB	Enhanced sensitivity to low-energy X-rays in NSCLC cells	Inhibitory effects increased by 64.4% (100 kV) and 32.4% (6 MV)	(14)
GNPs	A549	Affects cytoskeleton, alters cell adhesion, inhibits cell migration	Reduced migration ability post-radiotherapy	(15)
Albumin-bound GNPs	A549	Favorable biosafety profile, enhance radiotherapy	SER of 1.432 in A549 cells, exhibited radiosensitization and anti-tumor activity both in vivo and in vitro experiments	(16)
Schiff bases -modified GNPs	A549	Larger particle size, significant radiosensitization	More significant effect than unmodified GNPs	(19)
GNPs	Lewis	Increased DNA damage	significant radiosensitizing effects with both 3.9 and 37.4 nm GNPs	(20)