Table 1.
Immunotherapy and cancer vaccine approaches for HCC
| Strategy | Treatment | No. of enrolled pts. | Finding | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immunotherapy | GM-CSF + IFN-γ | 15 |
OS at 26 weeks 40 % OS at 52 weeks 20 % |
[25] |
| IL-12 | 9 | SD 29 % | [26] | |
| 111In-TIL | 3 | PR 66 % | [28] | |
| Activated autologous lymphocytes | 150 |
FoR 59 % versus 77 % TtFR 48 % versus 33 % at 3 y; 38 versus 22 % at 5 y RFS 65 % versus 58 % at 5 y |
[29] | |
| Cancer Vaccines | AFP peptides | 6 | PD 6/6—OS 9.3 mo | [30] |
| AFP—DC pulsed | 10 | PD 9/10—OS 10.4 mo | [31] | |
| Autologous tumor lysate—DC pulsed | 31 |
PR 4/31—OS 18 mo SD 17/31—OS 13 mo PD 10/31—2.8 mo |
[33] | |
| tumor cell line lysate—DC pulsed | 35 |
PR 1/35—OS N/A SD 6/35—OS N/A PD 18/35—OS N/A N/A 14/35—OS N/A |
[34] | |
| GPC3 peptides | 33 |
PR 1/33—OS 12 mo SD 19/33—OS 13.4 mo PD 13/33—OS 7.4 mo |
[36] | |
| Telomerase peptide | 40 |
SD 17/40—OS 11 months PD 20/40 N/A 3/40 |
[38] |
111In-TIL indium-111-labeled tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, AFP alpha fetoprotein, DC dendritic cells, FoR frequency of recurrence, GM-CSF granulocyte–monocyte colony-stimulating factor, GPC3 glypican 3, IFN-γ interferon gamma, IL-12 interleukin-12, mo months, N/A not available, OS overall survival, PD progressive disease, PR partial response, pts patients, RFS recurrence-free survival, SD stable disease, TtFR time to first recurrence, y years