Fig. 2.

Osteoimmunologic interactions between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Abbreviations: AP1, activator protein 1; CaMKIV, calcium-/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV; CD40L, CD40 ligand; ClC, chloride channel; CREB, cyclic AMP responsive-element-binding protein; DAP, DNAX-activating protein; DC-STAMP, dendritic-cell-specific transmembrane protein; FcRγ, Fc-receptor common γ-subunit; GRB2-ERK, growth-factor-receptor-bound protein 2–extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; Ig, immunoglobulin; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IKK, inhibitor of NF-κΒ kinase; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MITF, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NFATc1, nuclear factor of activated T-cell cytoplasmic 1; NF-κΒ, nuclear factor-κΒ; OPG, osteoprotegerin; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PLC, phospholipase C; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κΒ; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κΒ ligand; SYK, spleen tyrosine kinase; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6. Reprinted by permission by Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Reviews Immunology. Takayanagi H (2007) Osteoimmunology: shared mechanisms and crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. Nat Rev Immunol. 7:292–304. Copyright 2007 [2]