Extended Data Figure 10. Model of RNA structure contributions to emergence and pathogenesis of VEEV.

Following infection and trafficking to the proximal draining lymph node of an infected host, enzootic E1 RNA structures lead to recruitment of proviral factors (IFN-independent RBPs) which enhance replication specifically in macrophages, and possibly other myeloid cell types. Enhanced viral replication in the lymph node leads to increased accumulation of dsRNA and stimulates antiviral responses in host cells, preventing efficient dissemination and viremia. Reduced viremia leads to reduced transmission and possibly reduced pathogenesis.