Table 1.

Model descriptive statistics on 28 of 62 covariates, which have significant (p<.05/62) PGS-covariate interaction terms, in UKBB EUR. The third column is the percentage change in PGS effect per unit change (standard deviations for continuous variables, binary variables encoded as 0 or 1) in covariate. The fifth column is the increase in model R² with a PGS-covariate interaction term versus a main effects only model. Abbreviations: blood pressure (BP), physical activity (PA), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1-second (FEV1), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).

Variable type	Covariate	% change in βPGS per covariate unit change	Interaction P	R2 increase with interaction term	N
Continuous	HDL cholesterol	−15.29	1.71x10−96	0.0012	328719
	Total cholesterol	−12.70	1.64x10−71	0.00082	359221
	IPAQ	−12.50	3.11x10−66	0.001	304951
	Moderate-vigorous PA	−11.41	8.92x10−65	0.001	304951
	Diastolic BP	10.84	6.06x10−60	0.0007	352804
	Townsend Index	6.78	2.86x10−58	0.00089	376283
	Age	−9.02	3.60x10−57	0.00061	376729
	FVC	−9.66	4.69x10−56	0.0008	343467
	Drink frequency/wk	−19.96	2.62x10−55	0.0024	122281
	LDL cholesterol	−9.86	2.63x10−51	0.00058	358556
	N days vigorous PA/wk	−9.37	2.42x10−35	0.0007	299963
	FEV1	−7.38	7.15x10−35	0.0005	343544
	Mean alcohol consumption	−7.38	7.65x10−22	0.00113	126756
	HbA1c	4.63	5.37x10−14	0.0002	358798
	Mean drinks/wk	−7.66	1.01x10−13	0.0008	112204
	Water intake	4.60	2.97x10−13	0.00014	347472
	Processed meat intake	3.70	2.38x10−7	0.0002	376205
	Starch mean	5.51	3.15x10−7	0.00018	128346
	Smoking pack years	4.78	3.68x10−7	0.0002	114135
	Protein mean	4.82	6.52x10−7	0.00018	128181
	Saturated fat mean	4.92	1.23x10−6	0.00017	127899
	Fat mean	4.40	1.64x10−5	0.00013	128092
	Saturated fat grams/wk	2.46	1.79x10−5	4.00E-05	364629
	Retinol mean	3.77	3.54x10−4	9.00E-05	126029
Binary	IPAQ	−12.68	5.30x10−62	0.0009	304951
	Vigorous PA/wk	−20.55	9.07x10−54	0.0009	304951
	Sex	−11.02	1.41x10−24	0.00025	376729
	Diabetes	27.19	1.83x10−7	0.0004	375903