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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2023 Dec 14;181(1):57–67. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230303

TABLE 1.

Results from multilevel models predicting each variable (suicidal ideation, suicidal planning, psychiatric symptom) by pairwise cycle-phase contrastsa

Variable Perimenstrual vs. Midfollicular Perimenstrual vs. Periovulatory Perimenstrual vs. Early Luteal Perimenstrual vs. Midluteal Midluteal vs. Midfollicular Midluteal vs. Periovulatory Midluteal vs. Early Luteal Early Luteal vs. Periovulatory Early Luteal vs. Midfollicular Periovulatory vs. Midfollicular
Est SE Est SE Est SE Est SE Est SE Est SE Est SE Est SE Est SE Est SE C-PASS
Suicidal ideation −0.28 0.22 −0.26 0.21 −0.66 0.20 −0.39 0.18 0.13 0.24 0.15 0.21 −0.25 0.23 0.38 0.23 0.35 0.22 −0.04 0.21 -
Suicidal planning −0.24 0.08 −0.02 0.15 −0.46 0.22 0.03 0.11 −0.18 0.13 0.02 0.15 −0.46 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.08 0.14 −0.24 0.19 -
Depression −0.15 0.06 −0.15 0.05 −0.23 0.05 −0.08 0.04 −0.06 0.06 −0.06 0.05 −0.14 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.14 0.06 −0.01 0.05 13
Hopelessness −0.11 0.06 −0.12 0.05 −0.15 0.05 −0.06 0.04 −0.05 0.06 −0.06 0.06 −0.08 0.06 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.06 15
Anxiety −0.14 0.06 −0.20 0.07 −0.21 0.05 −0.12 0.04 0.00 0.06 −0.06 0.06 −0.08 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.06 16
Feeling overwhelmed −0.08 0.06 −0.06 0.06 −0.11 0.06 −0.05 0.05 −0.03 0.06 −0.01 0.06 −0.05 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.06 −0.02 0.06 -
Agitation −0.02 0.06 −0.02 0.05 −0.05 0.05 −0.04 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.06 −0.01 0.05 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.05 -
Loss of interest −0.14 0.05 −0.10 0.06 −0.13 0.06 −0.06 0.04 −0.07 0.06 −0.03 0.06 −0.06 0.06 0.03 0.05 −0.01 0.06 −0.05 0.05 -
Worthlessness −0.03 0.06 −0.06 0.05 −0.20 0.06 −0.06 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.06 −0.14 0.06 0.14 0.06 0.16 0.06 0.02 0.06 11
Rejection sensitivity −0.14 0.06 −0.16 0.05 −0.22 0.05 −0.08 0.04 −0.06 0.06 −0.08 0.05 −0.13 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.13 0.05 0.02 0.05 17
Anger or irritability −0.23 0.05 −0.25 0.06 −0.22 0.05 −0.09 0.04 −0.14 0.05 −0.15 0.05 −0.12 0.05 −0.03 0.05 −0.02 0.05 0.01 0.05 11
Perceived burdensomeness −0.08 0.06 −0.13 0.07 −0.21 0.06 −0.08 0.04 0.01 0.06 −0.05 0.06 −0.13 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.13 0.06 0.05 0.06 -
Interpersonal conflict −0.06 0.05 −0.11 0.05 −0.10 0.04 −0.02 0.03 −0.04 0.06 −0.09 0.05 −0.08 0.04 −0.01 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.06 8
a

C-PASS=Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System; Est=estimate. The column titled “C-PASS” is a descriptive calculation for core emotional symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) based on the Daily Rating of Severity of Problems, where the number indicates the number of participants who demonstrated a 30% premenstrual elevation in that symptom, per calculations using the C-PASS algorithm on each baseline cycle (gold standard for the diagnosis of PMDD) (33, 41). Boldface indicates estimates for which p<0.05.