Figure. 1. Stress-induced increase in the levels of growth differentiation factor-15 in human trabecular meshwork cells.

Human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells treated with agents inducing senescence (20 μM BIBR1532, telomerase inhibitor for 24 h, ER stress (1 μg/ml Tunicamycin, 48 h), oxidative stress (200 μM H2O2, 3 h) and autophagy inhibitor (2 μM IITZ-01, 6 h) significantly (** P<0.001) elevated the levels of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) compared to control cells based on immunoblot analysis. N=5 to 6.