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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Behav Med. 2024 Jan 28;47(3):515–530. doi: 10.1007/s10865-023-00464-0

Table 3.

Models 1–7: Direct Effects Coefficients of Discrimination and Microaggressions on Poor Sleep Quality.

Antecedent → Consequent Path b SE 95% CI t (df = 219) p
Model 1: Discrimination (DIS)
X (DIS) →M1 (RUM)
F(3, 216) = 6.26, p = .0004, R2 = .08 		a 1 0.29 0.14 0.02, 0.55 2.12 .04
X (DIS) →M2 (VIG)
F(3, 216) = 8.42 p < .0001, R2 = .10 		a2 0.19 0.05 0.08, 0.30 3.44 .0007
X (DIS) → Y (PSQ) c′ 0.08 0.03 0.01, 0.14 2.32 .02
M1 (RUM) → Y (PSQ) b1 0.10 0.03 0.07, 0.14 6.51 <.0001
M2 (VIG) → Y (PSQ)
F(5, 214) = 16.80 p < .0001, R2 = .28 		b2 0.00 0.04 −0.08, 0.08 0.03 .98
Model 2: Foreigner/Not Belonging Microaggressions (FOR)
X (FOR) →M1 (RUM)
F(3, 216) = 18.76, p < .0001, R2 = .21 		a 1 2.16 0.34 1.49,2.84 6.30 <.0001
X (FOR) →M2 (VIG)
F(3, 216) = 4.73, p = .003, R2 = .06 		a2 0.18 0.15 −0.12, 0.48 1.17 .24
X (FOR) → Y (PSQ) c′ 0.30 0.09 0.12, 0.48 3.22 .002
M1 (RUM) → Y (PSQ) b1 0.09 0.02 0.05, 0.12 5.10 <.0001
M2 (VIG) → Y (PSQ)
F(5, 214) = 18.16, p < .0001, R2 = .30 		b2 0.02 0.01 −0.06, 0.09 0.47 .65
Model 3: Criminality Microaggressions (CRIM)
X (CRIM) →M1 (RUM)
F(3, 216) = 11.60, p < .0001, R2 = .14 		a 1 1.18 0.27 0.65, 1.70 4.42 <.0001
X (CRIM) →M2 (VIG)
F(3, 216) = 8.48, p < .0001, R2 = .10 		a2 0.39 0.11 0.17, 0.61 3.46 .0006
X (CRIM) → Y (PSQ) c′ 0.22 0.07 0.08, 0.35 3.17 .0018
M1 (RUM) → Y (PSQ) b1 0.09 0.02 0.06, 0.13 5.80 <.0001
M2 (VIG) → Y (PSQ)
F(5, 214) = 18.07, p < .0001, R2 = .30 		b2 −0.00 0.04 −0.08, 0.07 −0.10 .92
Model 4: Sexualization Microaggressions (SEX)
X (SEX) →M1 (RUM)
F(3, 216) = 10.70 p < .0001, R2 = .13 		a 1 1.38 0.33 0.72, 2.04 4.12 .0001
X (SEX) →M2 (VIG)
F(3, 216) = 5.34, p = .0014, R2 = .07 		a2 0.25 0.14 −0.03,0.53 1.76 .08
X (SEX) → Y (PSQ) c′ 0.21 0.08 0.04, 0.37 2.48 .014
M1 (RUM) → Y (PSQ) b1 0.10 0.02 0.07, 0.13 5.96 <.0001
M2 (VIG) → Y (PSQ)
F(5, 214) = 16.92, p < .0001, R2 = .28 		b2 0.01 0.04 −0.06, 0.09 0.32 .74
Model 5: Low-Achieving/Undesirable Microaggressions (LOW)
X (LOW) →M1 (RUM)
F(3, 216) = 10.58 p < .0001, R2 = .13 		a 1 0.56 0.14 0.29, 0.83 4.08 .0001
X (LOW) →M2 (VIG)
F(3, 216) = 12.58, p < .0001, R2 = .15 		a2 0.27 0.06 0.16, 0.38 4.85 <.0001
X (LOW) → Y (PSQ) c′ 0.08 0.04 0.01, 0.15 2.34 .02
M1 (RUM) → Y (PSQ) b1 0.10 0.02 0.07, 0.13 6.07 <.0001
M2 (VIG) → Y (PSQ)
F(5, 214) = 16.92, p < .0001, R2 = .28 		b2 −0.01 0.04 −0.09, 0.07 −0.16 .86
Model 6: Invisibility Microaggressions (INV)
X (INV) →M1 (RUM)
F(3, 216) = 21.38 p < .0001, R2 = .23 		a 1 0.99 .14 0.70, 1.27 6.86 <.0001
X (INV) →M2 (VIG)
F F(3, 216) = 11.25, p < .0001, R2 = .14 		a2 0.28 0.06 0.16, 0.40 4.46 <.0001
X (INV) → Y (PSQ) c′ 0.11 0.04 0.03, 0.19 2.59 .01
M1 (RUM) → Y (PSQ) b1 0.09 0.02 0.06, 0.12 5.22 <.0001
M2 (VIG) → Y (PSQ)
F(5, 214) = 17.16, p < .0001, R2 = .29 		b2 −0.01 0.04 −0.08, 0.07 −0.14 .88
Model 7: Environmental Invalidations Microaggressions (ENV)
X (ENV) →M1 (RUM)
F(3, 216) = 8.14, p < .0001, R2 = .10 		a 1 0.73 .23 0.27, 1.19 3.13 .0001
X (ENV) →M2 (VIG)
F(3, 216) = 4.48, p = .005, R2 = .06 		a2 0.08 0.10 −0.11, 0.04 1.10 0.27
X (ENV) → Y (PSQ) c′ 0.05 0.06 −0.06, 0.16 0.90 .37
M1 (RUM) → Y (PSQ) b1 0.11 .02 0.07, 0.14 6.42 <.0001
M2 (VIG) → Y (PSQ)
F(5, 214) = 15.56, p < .0001, R2 = .27 		b2 0.02 0.04 −0.06, 0.10 0.50 .62

Note. Parameters in bold font are significant with the Hochberg’s False Discovery Rate correction applied. Results reflect outcomes after controlling for pandemic stress and annual income. RUM = rumination; VIG = racism-related vigilance; PSQ = poor sleep quality.