Figure 2.

Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) performed on PBA-MDP (A) without glucose or (B) with 100 mg/dL glucose. (C) Liquid-phase atomic force microscopy (AFM) on PBA-MDP without glucose. (D) Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) performed on PBA-MDP with or without addition of 100 mg/dL glucose. (E) 2D class average (inset) and power spectrum of vertically aligned nanocoil segments. (F) The cryo-EM density map of the nanocoil (left). The density corresponding to a dimer of PBA-MDP (asymmetric unit of helix) are colored orange and green. The atomic model of nanocoil fitted in to the density map (right). (G) Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy of PBA-MDP with increasing concentration of glucose, along with controls of COOH-MDP and OH-MDP. (H) Foourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of PBA-MDP with increasing concentration of glucose, along with controls of COOH-MDP and OH-MDP. The dashed vertical lines denote peaks of interest in the Amide I region of the spectra. (I) Thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence of PBA-MDP upon immediate addition of glucose (red) or when glucose is added after 4 h of continuous monitoring (blue). (J) Zeta potential measurements for PBA-MDP with increasing concentration of glucose, along with controls of COOH-MDP and OH-MDP (n=3 samples/group, mean ± SD shown).