Table 2 |.
lncRNAs that suppress cardiac hypertrophy and ameliorate cardiac function
| lncRNA | Models | Functions | Interactions and effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahit (antihypertrophic interrelated transcript) | Mouse and in vitro (rat cardiomyocytes) | Inhibition of Ahit induces cardiac hypertrophy, both in vitro and in vivo | Interacts with SUZ12 | 163 |
| Caren (cardiomyocyte-enriched non-coding transcript) | Mouse | Cardioprotective effects by regulating the translation of a distant gene and maintaining cardiomyocyte homeostasis | Interacts with HINT1 | 49 |
| CHAR (cardiac hypertrophy-associated regulator) | Mouse and in vitro (cardiomyocytes) | CHAR downregulation is sufficient to induce hypertrophic phenotypes in healthy mice; overexpression of CHAR reduced the hypertrophic response | Interacts with miRNA-20b (downregulation) | 164 |
| CPhar (cardiac physiological hypertrophy-associated regulator) | Mouse (exercise model) | Overexpression of CPhar prevents myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury and cardiac dysfunction in vivo | CPhar works with DDX17 as a binding partner to sequester C/EBPβ, leading to decreased levels of ATF7 | 165 |
| GAS5 (growth arrest-specific 5) | Mouse (Srsf4 knock-out) | Represses cardiac hypertrophy in Srsf4 knock-out mice | GAS5 is a repressor of the glucocorticoid receptor | 166 |
| H19 | Human and mouse | H19 inhibits E3 ligase-dependent polyubiquitination at Lys3584 of dystrophin (referred to as Ub-DMD), impeding dystrophin protein degradation | Interacts with dystrophin | 71,72 |
| In vitro (cardiomyocytes) | H19–miRNR-675 axis acts as a negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy by targeting CaMKIIδ | Inhibition of miRNA-675 reversed the increase in cardiomyocyte size associated with H19 overexpression; implicates miRNA-675 derived from H19 in cardiac hypertrophy | 68,167 | |
| lnccytb (lncRNA cytb) | Mouse | Cytosolic lncRNA; function consistent with microRNA sponge | Interacts with miRNA-103–3p | 168 |
| lncMYH7b | In vitro (induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes) | lncMYH7b regulates the ratio of MHCβ to MHCα, thereby influencing cardiac rhythm | Interacts with TEAD3 | 126 |
| Mhrt or Myheart (myosin heavy-chain-associated RNA transcripts) | Mouse | Highly expressed in adult heart; stress represses Mhrt expression; overexpression of Mhrt protects the heart against cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in response to stress | Mhrt antagonizes the function of the chromatin remodelling enzyme BRG1 | 117 |
| Mhrt (lncRNA-Mhrt) | Mouse and in vitro (cardiomyocytes) | lncRNA-Mhrt inhibits cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting myocardin | Interacts with myocardin through miRNA-145a-5p | 169 |
| Mhrt779 | Mouse (exercise and TAC models) | Mhrt779 increases antihypertrophic effects associated with other interventions | Interacts with BRG1-HDAC2 | 120–122 |
| OIP5-AS1 (Opa interacting protein 5-antisense RNA 1; 1700020I14Rik; Cyrano) | Mouse (knock-out model) | Heart failure associated with TAC-induced pressure overload is exacerbated in female (but not male) knock-out mice | Interacts with genes involved with mitochondrial function | 170 |
| Trdn-as (triadin-antisense) | Mouse and in vitro | Role in cardiac conduction through splicing of target genes | Interacts with triadin | 45 |
| ZNF593-as (RP11–96L14.7; ENST00000448923.2) | Mouse | Localized in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes; levels are decreased in the failing hearts of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy; improves TAC-induced cardiac dysfunction | ZNF593-as acts as a guide or scaffold for HNRNPC with RYR2 mRNA, thereby stabilizing RYR2 mRNA | 171 |
lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; miRNA, microRNA; TAC, transverse aortic constriction.