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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2024 Feb 13;257:111127. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111127

Table 2.

ANOVA and ANCOVA Results for Recovery and Academic-Related Outcomes by Level of Legal System Contact

Measure Non-LS Involved
Non-Incarcerated, LS Involved
Formerly Incarcerated
F p η2
M (SD) M (SD) M (SD)
Step 1
SUD Severity 9.73 (1.38)a 10.27 (1.31)b 10.55 (1.01)b 11.52 <.001 .069
AUD Severity 9.51 (1.77) 9.82 (1.84) 9.93 (1.70) 1.99 .138 .011
Quality of Life 30.25 (5.65)a 32.42 (4.69)b 31.73 (5.44)b 6.54 .002 .032
Recovery Capital 51.06 (6.76)a 54.29 (5.67)b 54.47 (6.17)b 13.27 <.001 .064
Grade Point Avg. 3.46 (0.48) 3.40 (0.58) 3.50 (0.52) 0.85 .430 .004
Hours Per Week 14.30 (15.27)a 16.70 (16.34)a 25.74 (16.71)b 10.54 <.001 .048
Step 2 Controlling for Age and Gender
SUD Severity 9.73 (1.38)a 10.27 (1.31)b 10.55 (1.01)b 9.01 <.001 .055
AUD Severity 9.51 (1.77) 9.82 (1.84) 9.93 (1.70) 0.48 .617 .003
Quality of Life 30.25 (5.65) 32.42 (4.69) 31.73 (5.44) 1.74 .177 .009
Recovery Capital 51.06 (6.76) 54.29 (5.67) 54.47 (6.17) 2.58 .077 .013
Grade Point Avg. 3.46 (0.48) 3.40 (0.58) 3.50 (0.52) 1.51 .222 .008
Hours Worked 14.30 (15.27)a 16.70 (16.43)a 25.74 (16.71)b 7.48 .009 .038

Note. Comparisons based on ANCOVA adjusting for age and gender. p < .05 in bold. Cells that do not share subscripts differ significantly according to Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference.