Figure 3.

Strategies for modifying gut microbiota and their impacts on immune responses and ICI efficacy

While the use of antibiotics and probiotics leads to varying effects on ICI efficacy, the administration of either FMT or consortia demonstrates beneficial impacts on the effectiveness of ICI therapies. The mechanisms underlying these strategies for enhancing and reducing ICI treatment efficacy involve the eradication of harmful bacteria, activation of immune cells, and suppression of activated T cells. ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Th-1, T helper-1.