Table 3.
Secondary outcomes, including depressive symptomatology (PHQ-9), anxiety symptomatology (GAD-7), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), capability well-being in older adults (ICECAP-O) and perceived loneliness (3-item UCLA) at the 3-month and 5-month follow-ups
| Outcome | Baseline | 3-month follow-up | 5-month follow-up | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | Coefficient (95% CI)a,b | Pc | Intervention | Control | Coefficient (95% CI)a,b | Pc | |
| PHQ-9, n | 298 | 305 | 257 | 270 | 250 | 260 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 16.39 (4.66) | 16.68 (4.83) | 11.72 (7.72) | 12.92 (7.13) | −1.14 (−2.33–0.05) | 0.060 | 10.01 (7.07) | 10.41 (7.01) | −0.21 (−1.36–0.94) | 0.716 |
| GAD-7, n | 285 | 283 | 256 | 268 | 250 | 260 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 14.46 (4.62) | 14.36 (4.75) | 10.30 (6.62) | 11.07 (6.43) | −0.89 (−1.88–0.11) | 0.082 | 9.40 (6.79) | 9.49 (6.66) | −0.14 (−1.20–0.92) | 0.793 |
| EQ-5D-5L, n | 296 | 305 | 256 | 266 | 247 | 259 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 0.789 (0.182) | 0.794 (0.170) | 0.812 (0.189) | 0.801 (0.171) | 0.025 (−0.015–0.064) | 0.218 | 0.840 (0.164) | 0.825 (0.171) | 0.035 (−0.001–0.071) | 0.059 |
| ICECAP-O, n | 295 | 300 | 254 | 266 | 246 | 259 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 0.614 (0.172) | 0.621 (0.190) | 0.655 (0.174) | 0.642 (0.194) | 0.018 (−0.009–0.045) | 0.185 | 0.665 (0.165) | 0.667 (0.172) | 0.002 (−0.024–0.029) | 0.856 |
| 3-item UCLA, n | 298 | 305 | 255 | 267 | 250 | 259 | ||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 6.04 (1.91) | 6.16 (1.92) | 5.68 (1.97) | 5.54 (1.94) | 0.19 (−0.09–0.48) | 0.186 | 5.43 (1.97) | 5.25 (1.97) | 0.22 (−0.07–0.52) | 0.140 |
PHQ-9 scores range from 0 to 27, with higher scores representing more severe depressive symptomatology.
GAD-7 scores range from 0 to 21, with higher scores representing more severe anxiety symptomatology.
EQ-5D-5L scores range from −0.264 to 1, with higher scores representing higher quality of life.
ICECAP-O scores range from 0 to 1, with higher scores representing greater levels of capability well-being.
The 3-item UCLA scores range from 3 to 9, with higher scores representing more severe levels of loneliness.
aDifferences in means were estimated using linear regression models, adjusted for the baseline assessment of the corresponding outcome and the stratified variable (sex, age group and baseline severity of the PHQ-9 score (categorical))
bAll estimates had missing data imputed separately, according to trial arm, using MICE models that included predictors of missingness (extended data), stratification (sex, age group and baseline severity of PHQ-9 score (categorical)) and any imbalances in outcome measure at baseline.
cAll P values reported are based on two-sided t-tests from the relevant linear regression model, with no adjustments for multiple tests.